Some Fixed Point Theorems for Nonlinear Set-Valued Contractive Mappings
Zeqing Liu,1Zhihua Wu,1Shin Min Kang,2and Sunhong Lee2
Academic Editor: Yonghong Yao
Received10 Apr 2012
Accepted09 May 2012
Published26 Jun 2012
Abstract
Four fixed point theorems for nonlinear set-valued contractive mappings in
complete metric spaces are proved. The results presented in this paper are extensions of
a few well-known fixed point theorems. Two examples are also provided to illustrate our
results.
1. Introduction and Preliminaries
The existence of fixed points for various set-valued contractive mappings had been researched by many authors under different conditions, see, for example, [1β9] and the references cited therein. In 1969, Nadler [7] proved a well-known fixed point theorem for the set-valued contraction mappingββ(1.1) below.
Theorem 1.1 (see [7]). Let be a complete metric space and be a set-valued mapping such that
where is a constant. Then has a fixed point.
In 1972, Reich [8] extended Nadler's result and established an interesting fixed point theorem for the set-valued contraction mapping (1.2) below.
Theorem 1.2 (see [8]). Let be a complete metric space and satisfy that
where
Then has a fixed point.
In [8] Reich posed the question whether Theorem 1.2 is also true for the set-valued contractive mapping with (1.2). The affirmative answer under the hypothesis of , forββall was given by Mizoguchi and Takahashi in [6]. They deduced the following fixed point theorem which is a generalization of the Nadler fixed point theorem.
Theorem 1.3 (see [6]). Let be a complete metric space and satisfy (1.2), where
Then has a fixed point.
Remark 1.4. It is clear that the mappings in Theorems 1.1β1.3 are continuous on .
Remark 1.5. Each of Theorems 1.2 and 1.3 ensures that has a fixed point , which together with (1.2) implies that , that is, is defined at . Thus the domain of in each of (1.3) and (1.4) should be but not . The aim of this paper is to present four fixed point theorems for some nonlinear set-valued contractive mappings. Our results extend, improve, and unify the corresponding results in [6β8]. Two nontrivial examples are given to show that our results are genuine generalizations or different from these results in [6β8]. Throughout this paper, we assume that , and denote the sets of all positive integers and nonnegative integers, respectively, and
where(a)is nondecreasing on ;(b), forββall ;(c) is subadditive in , that is,
(d). Clearly (a)β(d) imply that(e) is strictly inverse on , that is, if there exist satisfying , then . Let be a metric space, , , and denote the families of all nonempty closed, all nonempty bounded closed, and all nonempty compact subsets of . For and , put and
Such a mapping is called a generalized Hausdorff metric induced b in . It is well known that is a metric on . Let be a set-valued mapping, and be defined by
A sequence is said to be an orbit o if it satisfies that and for each . The function is said to be if for each orbit of with , we have that .
2. Main Results
The following lemmas play important roles in this paper.
Lemma 2.1. Let be a metric space and . Then for each and there exists satisfying .
Proof. Suppose that there exist and such that
which yields that
which is a contradiction. This completes the proof.
Lemma 2.2. Let be a metric space, and . Then for each and there exists such that
Proof. Let and . Now we consider two possible cases as follows. Caseββ1. Suppose that . It follows from (b) and (d) that . Since is a closed subset of , it follows that . Put . Clearly (2.3) holds. Caseββ2. Suppose that . Note that (b) and (d) mean that
Choose and . Lemma 2.1 ensures that there exists satisfying , which together with (a) and (c) gives that
That is, (2.3) holds. This completes the proof.
Now we prove four fixed point theorems for the nonlinear set-valued contractive mappings (2.6), (2.25), (2.26), and (2.36) below in complete metric spaces.
Theorem 2.3. Let be a complete metric space and satisfy that
where and
Then for each , there exists an orbit of and such that . Furthermore, is fixed point of if and only if the function defined by (1.8) is orbitally lower semicontinuous at .
Proof. Let be any initial point and choose . It follows from (2.6), (2.7) and Lemma 2.2 that for there exists satisfying
and for there exists satisfying
Repeating the above argument we obtain a sequence such that for and for , there exists satisfying
Suppose that there exists some satisfying . It follows from (a), (b), and (2.10) that for all . It is clear the conclusion of Theorem 2.3 holds. Suppose that for any . It follows that for each . Note that (b), (2.7), and (2.10) give that is a positive and decreasing sequence. It follows from (e) that is decreasing. Therefore, there exist constants and satisfying
Notice that (2.7) implies that there exists a constant satisfying
Taking upper limits in (2.10) and by (2.11) and (2.12) we get that
which implies that . Next we assert that . Since is a decreasing sequence, it follows from (a) and (2.11) that
that is, , which together with (b) and (d) yields that . Put . It follows from (2.12) that , which gives that . Notice that (2.11), (2.12), and ensure that there exist and satisfying
which implies that
Note that (2.10) and (2.16) mean that
Given . Since , it follows from (b) that there exists satisfying
which together with (2.17), (a), and (c) gives that
In view of (e) and (2.19), we deduce that , for all , which means that is a Cauchy sequence. Hence there exists such that by completeness of . Suppose that is orbitally lower semicontinuous at . Since is an orbit of with , it follows that
Using (2.6) and (2.7), we infer that
which together with (e), (2.11), and implies that
that is, , which together with (2.20) yields that
which gives that , that is, . Conversely, suppose that is a fixed point of . Let be an arbitrarily orbit of with . It is clear that
which implies that is orbitally lower semicontinuous at . This completes the proof.
Notice that for each . In light of Theorem 2.3, we have
Theorem 2.4. Let be a complete metric space and satisfy that
where and satisfies (2.7). Then for each , there exists an orbit of and such that . Furthermore, is fixed point of if and only if the function defined by (1.8) is orbitally lower semicontinuous at .
Theorem 2.5. Let be a complete metric space and satisfy that
where and satisfies (2.7). Then for each , there exists an orbit of and such that . Furthermore, is fixed point of if and only if the function defined by (1.8) is orbitally lower semicontinuous at .
Proof. Let be any initial point and choose . It follows from (2.7), (2.26), and Lemma 2.2 that for there exists such that
Repeating the above argument we obtain a sequence satisfying for each ,
Suppose that for some . It is easy to verify that for all and the conclusion of Theorem 2.5 holds. Suppose that for each . It follows that and are positive sequences. Combining (2.7), (2.28), (2.29), (b) and (e), we infer that and are both positive and decreasing, so do and . It follows that there exist constants and satisfying
Notice that (2.7) implies that there exists a constant such that
Taking upper limits in (2.29) and by (2.30) and (2.31) we get that
which implies that , which together with (2.30) and (a) ensures that
that is, , which gives that by (b) and (d). It follows from (2.28), (2.30), and (2.31) that
which yields that . Notice that (2.30) and (a) guarantee that
which together with (b) and (d) yields that . The rest of the proof is similar to that of Theorem 2.3 and is omitted. This completes the proof.
Theorem 2.6. Let be a complete metric space and satisfy that
where and satisfies (2.7). Then for each , there exists an orbit of and such that . Furthermore, is fixed point ofββ if and only if the function defined by (1.8) is orbitally lower semicontinuous at .
3. Comparisons and Examples
Now we construct two examples to compare the results in Section 2 with the corresponding results in [6β8].
Remark 3.1. Theorems 2.3 and 2.4 extend Theorems 1.1β1.3, and Theorems 2.5 and 2.6 are different from Theorems 1.1β1.3, respectively, in the following ways:(1)the ranges of the nonlinear set-valued contractive mappings in Theorems 2.3β2.6 are more general than the ranges and of the set-valued contraction mappings in Theorems 1.1β1.3, respectively;(2)the orbit lower semicontinuity at some of the functions in Theorems 2.3 and 2.4 is weaker than the continuity of the set-valued contraction mappings in in Theorems 1.1β1.3, respectively;(3)the set-valued contraction mappings (1.1) and (1.2) are special cases of the nonlinear set-valued contractive mapping (2.6) with because
Example 3.2 below shows that Theorems 2.3 and 2.4 extend substantively Theorems 1.1β1.3, respectively.
Example 3.2. Let and be the standard metric in . Let , and be defined by
respectively. It is clear that , satisfies (2.7) and
is orbitally lower semicontinuous in . In order to prove (2.6) holds, we consider two possible cases. Caseββ1. Let and . It is clear that Caseββ2. Let and . It follows that
that is, (2.6) holds. Therefore all assumptions of Theorems 2.3 and 2.4 are satisfied. It follows from each of Theorems 2.3 and 2.4 that has a fixed point in . However, we cannot invoke any one of Theorems 1.1β1.3 to show the existence of fixed points for the mapping in . Indeed, taking and , we get that
for any and
for any mapping with each of (1.3) and (1.4). Next we construct an example to explain Theorems 2.5 and 2.6.
Example 3.3. Let and be the standard metric in . Define , and by
respectively. It is easy to see that (2.7) holds and
is orbitally lower semicontinuous in . In order to check (2.26), we have to consider two cases as follows. Caseββ1. Let and . It is clear that
Caseββ2. Let and . It follows that
For , we have
For , we infer that
For , we get that
Hence (2.26) holds. Thus all assumptions of Theorems 2.5 and 2.6 are satisfied. It follows from each of Theorems 2.5 and 2.6 that has a fixed point in . Taking and , we deduce that
for any , and
for any mapping with each of (1.3) and (1.4). That is, Theorems 1.1β1.3 are inapplicable in proving the existence of fixed points for the nonlinear set-valued contractive mapping .
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