A Latent Implementation Error Detection Method for Software Validation

Table 1

The analogy set specifications for five property patterns.

Pattern name	Property specification	Analogy set specification	Explanations
Absence	LTL: 𝐺(¬𝑝); CTL: 𝐴𝐺(¬𝑝)	LTL: 𝐹(𝑝); CTL: 𝐸𝐹(𝑝)	OS: action 𝑝 never occurs; AS: action 𝑝 occurs definitely
Existence	LTL: 𝐹(𝑝); CTL: 𝐴𝐹(𝑝)	LTL: 𝐺(¬𝑝); CTL: 𝐴𝐺(¬𝑝)	OS: action 𝑝 occurs definitely; AS: action 𝑝 never occurs
Universality	LTL: 𝐺(𝑝); CTL: 𝐴𝐺(𝑝)	LTL: 𝐹(¬𝑝); CTL: 𝐸𝐹(¬𝑝)	OS: action 𝑝 occurs all through; AS: action 𝑝 does not occur definitely
Precedence	LTL: 𝐹(𝑞)→(¬𝑞∪𝑝); CTL: ¬𝐸(¬𝑝∪(𝑞∧(¬𝑝)))	LTL: 𝐹(𝑞)→(¬𝑞∪¬𝑝); 𝐺(𝑝→𝐺(¬𝑞)); CTL: ¬𝐸(𝑝∪(𝑞∧𝑝)); 𝐴𝐺(𝑝→𝐴𝐺(¬𝑞))	OS: the occurrence of action 𝑞 is enabled by the occurrence of action 𝑝; AS: action 𝑞 occurs without the preoccurrence of action 𝑝 or action 𝑝 occurs without the postoccurrence of action 𝑞
Response	LTL: 𝐺(𝑝→𝐹(𝑞)); CTL: 𝐴𝐺(𝑝→𝐴𝐹(𝑞))	LTL: 𝐺(𝑝→𝐺(¬𝑞)); 𝐹(𝑞)→(¬𝑞∪¬𝑝); CTL: 𝐴𝐺(𝑝→𝐴𝐺(¬𝑞)); ¬𝐸(𝑝∪(𝑞∧𝑝))	OS: the occurrence of action 𝑝 must be followed by the occurrence of action 𝑞; AS: action 𝑝 occurs without the postoccurrence of action 𝑞 or action 𝑞 occurs without the preoccurrence of action 𝑝