A Steganographic Method Based on Pixel-Value Differencing and the Perfect Square Number

Table 2

Distributions of pixel-value difference, average payload, and average MSE for images using the proposed method.

𝑅𝑖	Lena	Baboon	Peppers	Jet	SailBoat	Tiffany	Average payload	Average MSE
1	79276	72714	77375	90611	77179	83887	1	0.5
2	28604	14659	27386	17330	21513	28642	2	1.5
3	13861	15316	17509	11449	16168	10717	2.33	1
4	5013	11053	5467	3894	8215	3953	3	3.5
5	2275	7539	1593	2026	3787	1768	3.2	2.8
6	1128	4754	726	2049	2104	897	3.33	2.33
7	566	2841	353	1138	1127	400	3.43	2
8	224	1466	195	1259	577	535	4	7.5
9	100	561	150	586	270	170	4.11	6.67
10	21	149	109	281	58	87	4.2	6
11	4	18	57	408	19	8	4.27	5.45
12	0	2	51	41	22	7	4.33	5
13	0	0	92	0	33	0	4.38	4.62
14	0	0	9	0	0	1	4.43	4.29
15	0	0	0	0	0	0	4.47	4
16	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	7.5