Abstract
We present new results on the existence and uniqueness of tripled fixed points for nonlinear mappings in partially ordered complete metric spaces that extend the results in the previous works: Berinde and Borcut, 2011, Borcut and Berinde, 2012, and Borcut, 2012. An example and an application to support our new results are also included in the paper.
1. Introduction
In some very recent papers, Berinde and Borcut [1], Borcut and Berinde [2], and Borcut [3] have introduced the concepts of tripled fixed point and tripled coincidence point, respectively, for nonlinear contractive mappings in partially ordered complete metric spaces and obtained existence and uniqueness theorems of tripled fixed points and tripled coincidence points, respectively, for some general classes of contractive type mappings.
The presented theorems in [1–3] extend several existing results in the literature [4–6]. We recall the main concepts needed to present them.
Let be a partially ordered set and let be a metric on such that is a complete metric space. Consider on the product space the following partial order: for ,
Definition 1 (see [1]). Let be a partially ordered set and . We say that has the mixed monotone property if is nondecreasing in and and is nonincreasing in , that is, for any , , ,
Definition 2 (see [1]). An element is called a tripled fixed point of if
Let be a metric space. The mapping , given by defines a metric on , which will be denoted for convenience by , too.
Definition 3. Let , , be nonempty sets and , . We define the symmetric composition (or, the s-composition, for short) of and , by ,
For each nonempty set , denote by the projection mapping The symmetric composition has the following properties.
Proposition 4 (associativity). If , and
Proposition 5 (identity element). If , then
Proposition 6 (mixed monotonicity). If , , are partially ordered sets and the mappings , are mixed monotone, then is mixed monotone.
Proposition 7. If is a partially ordered set and is mixed monotone, then is mixed monotone for every .
The first main result in [1] is given by the following theorem.
Theorem 8 (see [1]). Let be a partially ordered set and suppose that there is a metric on such that is a complete metric space. Let be a continuous mapping having the mixed monotone property on . Assume that there exist the constants , , with for which for all , , . If there exist , , such that then there exist such that
Remark 9. If we take in Theorem 8, then the contraction condition (9) can be written in a slightly simplified form
Theorem 10 (see [1]). By adding to the hypotheses of Theorem 8 the condition, for every , , there exists a that is comparable to and ; then, the tripled fixed point of is unique.
Theorem 11 (see [1]). In addition to the hypotheses of Theorem 8, suppose that , , are comparable. Then .
2. Main Results
Starting from the results presented in the first section, we will obtain new existence and uniqueness theorems for operators which verify a Kannan type contraction condition; see [7].
Denote
Theorem 12. Let be a partially ordered set and suppose that there is a metric on such that is a complete metric space. Let be a mapping having the mixed monotone property on . Assume that there exists a such that Also suppose that either(a)is continuous or(b) has the following property:(i)if a nondecreasing sequence , then for all ,(ii)if a nonincreasing sequence , then for all .If there exist , , such that then has a triple fixed point; that is, there exist , , such that
Proof. Let the sequences , , be defined by
Since is mixed monotone for every , by Proposition 7, it follows by (15) that and are nondecreasing and is nonincreasing. Due to the mixed monotone property of , it is easy to show that
and thus we obtain three sequences satisfying the following conditions:
Now, for , denote
Using (14), we get
and so
Similarly, we obtain
By (22) and (23), we get
Therefore, for all , we have
Because , , and , we have
This implies that , , are Cauchy sequences in . Indeed, let ; then,
Similarly, we can verify that and are also Cauchy sequences.
Since is a complete metric space, there exist , , such that
Finally, we claim that
Suppose first that assumption (a) holds. Hence is continuous at , and, therefore, for any given , there exists such that
Since
for , there exist , , such that, for , , ,
Hence, for , ,
This shows that . Similarly, one can show that
Suppose now that assumption (b) holds. Since , are nondecreasing and , , is nonincreasing and , by assumption (b), we have that , , and , for all . Then, by triangle inequality and (14), we get
By summing (35), we obtain
and by letting in the previous inequality, one obtains
which proves that , , .
3. Uniqueness of Tripled Fixed Points
In [1–3], the authors also considered some additional conditions that ensure the uniqueness of the tripled fixed point or that, for the tripled fixed point , we have .
Similarly, one can prove that the tripled fixed point in Theorem 12 is in fact unique, provided that the product space endowed with the partial order mentioned earlier has an additional property, as shown in the next theorem.
Theorem 13. By adding to the hypotheses of Theorem 12 the condition, for every , , there exists a which is comparable to and ; then, the tripled fixed point of is unique.
Proof. If is another tripled fixed point of , then we show that
where
are as in the proof of Theorem 12. We consider two cases.
Case 1. If are comparable to with respect to the ordering in , then, for every ,
Also, using the process of obtaining (26), we get
Now letting , this implies that .
Case 2. If are not comparable to , then there exists an upper bound or a lower bound of and . Then, for all ,
We have
Theorem 14. In addition to the hypotheses of Theorem 12, suppose that , , are comparable. Then .
Proof. Recall that , , , are such that
Now, if and , we claim that, for all , and . Indeed, by the mixed monotone property of ,
Assume that and for some . Now, consider
similarly for . Hence,
as . This implies that and hence we have .
Similarly, we obtain that and . The other remaining cases for , , are similar.
4. An Example
Let be endowed with the usual metric and let be given by , for , and , for .
Then satisfies the Kannan type contractive condition (14) with but does not satisfy the Banach type contractive condition (9).
Let us first prove the first part of the assertion above. It suffices to completely cover the following limit case.
Case 1 (, , , , , ). In this case, condition (14) reduces to
Since , we have
and hence the minimum value of the right hand side of (48) is greater or equal to .
Therefore, in order to have (48) satisfied for all and , , , , , with , , , that is,
it suffices to take such that .
Note that, for the remaining cases to be discussed, the right hand side of (14) will be greater than the value obtained in Case 1.
Case 2 ( and , , , ).
In this case, for example, the minimum value of the right hand side of (14) will be greater or equal to .
Note also that, in the cases , or , , the left hand side of (14) is always zero and so (14) is satisfied for all values of , , , .
This proves that, indeed, satisfies (14) with .
is not continuous but satisfies assumption (b) in Theorem 12. Moreover, by taking , , and , one can easily check that (15) is fulfilled.
Thus, the assumptions in Theorem 12 are satisfied and hence does admit tripled fixed points. By Theorem 13, we actually conclude that has a unique tripled fixed point, .
Now let us show that does not satisfy (9).
Assume the contrary, that is, that does satisfy (9) and let such that , and then take and , arbitrary in (9) to obtain the inequality
Now by letting in (51), we reach a contradiction. This proves that, indeed, does not satisfy (9).
Remark 15. For various particular cases of the results established in this section and for possible further developments, we refer to [2, 4–6, 8–28].
5. Applications
In this section, we present an application of tripled fixed point theorems for establishing existence and uniqueness results for the solutions of the nonlinear integral equation We consider the space of continuous real functions defined on the interval , endowed with metric Define the partial order “” on by Thus, is a partially ordered complete metric space.
For (52) we consider the following assumptions:(i) are continuous;(ii) is continuous;(iii) is continuous;(iv)there exist the constants , , , such that, for all , , we have (v)we suppose that ;(vi)there exist continuous functions such that
Theorem 16. Under assumptions (i)–(vi), (52) has a unique solution in .
Proof. We consider the operator defined by
for any , , .
We prove that the operator fulfills the conditions of Theorem 8.
First, we prove that has the mixed-monotone property.
Let , , with and , then, we have
Given that for all and based on our assumption (iv), we have
That is, .
For , , with and , we have
Given that for all and based on our assumption (iv), that is,
That is, .
Similarly, one proves the same property for the third component and hence we have .
So, has the mixed-monotone property.
Now, we estimate for , , , and with having the mixed-monotone property, we get
Now, for all , by using (iv), we have
which implies
where
Using (v), we have . So, fulfills the conditions of Theorem 8.
Let , , be the functions appearing in assumption (vi); then, we have
If , , , then all assumptions of Theorem 8 are fulfilled. So, there exists a tripled fixed point for the operator ; that is,
Now, we show that, for any , , there exists which is comparable to both of them. Indeed, denote
Then we have , , and , , . This implies that is comparable with and with , so
Now, by Theorem 10, it follows that has a unique triple fixed point which is in fact the solution the (52).
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
The research was supported by the Grant PN-II-RU-TE-2011-3-0239 of the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research.