Optimal Algorithms and the BFGS Updating Techniques for Solving Unconstrained Nonlinear Minimization Problems

Figure 7

For the maximum area under a given curve comparing (a) 𝑎₀, (b) 𝑠, (c) residual error, and (d) 𝑓 obtained by the SDM and GOA.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)