Dynamic Complexity of a Switched Host-Parasitoid Model with Beverton-Holt Growth Concerning Integrated Pest Management

Figure 6

Illustrating the switch effects of initial densities of the host and parasitoid populations of model (3) on IPM. The parameters are fixed as 𝑝=0.61, ET=6.73, 𝛽=0.4, 𝜏=2, 𝛼=12, 𝑏=1. The initial densities (𝐻₀,𝑃₀) in (a)–(d) are (4,3), (6,6), (3,4.5), and (4,5), respectively.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)