Dynamic Complexity of a Switched Host-Parasitoid Model with Beverton-Holt Growth Concerning Integrated Pest Management

Figure 7

Illustrating how the pest outbreak frequencies depend on initial densities of the host and parasitoid populations of model (3) on IPM. The parameters are fixed as ET=6.73, 𝛽=0.4, 𝜏=2, 𝛼=12, 𝑏=1. Region I, II, III, IV, and V are denoted without pest outbreak by one, two, three, and many times pest outbreak, respectively. (a) 𝑝=0.61. (b) 𝑝=0.6.

(a)

(b)