Contagious Criminal Career Models Showing Backward Bifurcations: Implications for Crime Control Policies

Figure 2

Backward and forward bifurcations diagram for proportion of reoffenders () for model (1), where is chosen as a bifurcation parameter ( fixed and increasing). The higher solution corresponds to the stable equilibrium (solid curve); the smaller solution corresponds to the unstable equilibrium (dashed curve). Backward bifurcation for (a) , , and ; (b) , , and ; and (c) , , and . Forward bifurcation for (a) , , and and (b) , , and . Parameters’ values used are as given in Table 3.