Contagious Criminal Career Models Showing Backward Bifurcations: Implications for Crime Control Policies

Figure 8

The phenomena of backward bifurcation and breaking point, when and are chosen as a bifurcation parameter. (a) Backward bifurcation for with and increasing. (b) Breaking point for with increasing, where and and . The higher solution corresponds to the stable equilibrium (solid curve); the smaller solution corresponds to the unstable equilibrium (dashed curve). Parameters’ values used are as given in Table 3.

(a)

(b)