Determination of Potassium, Sodium, and Total Alkalies in Portland Cement, Fly Ash, Admixtures, and Water of Concrete by a Simple Flow Injection Flame Photometric System

Table 4

Analytical features of the developed FI-FES method versus some reported methods.

Method*	Determination	Principle	Sample	Linear range	LOD (mg L^−1)	R.S.D. (%)	H^−1	Ref.
MSFI-FES	K	In-line dilution of sample and FES	Soil, table wine	1–2000 mg L^−1	—	0.8–3.4	14	[3]
FI-FES, FI- FAAS	Na, K, Mg, Ca	FIA combination with FES and FAAS	Ground water, domestic water	—	—	1.7–2.7	128	[6]
FI-FAAS	Mn, Pb, Zn, Ca, Mg, Fe,	Onlinedilution device of sample with FAAS	Cements	0.05–0.25% w/v	—	—	—	[7]
FI-FAAS	Na, K, Ca, Mg,	Direct FI-FAAS	Fruits	0.1–1.0 mg L^−1 Na1.5–6.0 mg L^−1 K	—	1.0-2.0	60	[8]
FI-FAAS	Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K	Online dilution in a stirred chamber with FAAS	Ceramic materials	0.2–14 mg L^−1 Na0.2–10 mg L^−1 K	0.240.73	0.752.12	48	[9]
FI-FAAS	Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K	Using a variation volume injector with FAAS and FES	Ceramic materials	2–8 mg L^−1 Na2–10 mg L^−1 K	0.10.05	0.80.5	60	[10]
FI-FES	Li, Na, K	Splitting system with FES	Blood serum	14–140 mmol L^−1 Na0.5–5.0 mmol L^−1 K	—	—	108	[11]
FI-FES, FI- FAAS	Na, K, Ca, Mg	FES and FAAS with on-line dilution	Beer	10–130 mg L^−1 Na100–500 mg L^−1 K	—	1.6–3.8	120–200	[12]
FI-FES	Na, K	Using two dialysis units with FES	Vegetables	206.4–2896 mg L^−1 K81.02–1158 mg L^−1 Na	—	<1.6, <1.7	120–150	[13]
FI-FES	K	Using needle valve connected to nitrogen cylinder and the Buchner flask with FES	Gasoline, lubricating oils	4–16 mg kg^−12–15 mg kg^−1	—	3.0	40–100	[14]
FI-FES, FI-UV-Vis	Na, K, Cl^−	Analysis of three components with online dialysis in series with FES and UV/Vis	Blood serum	110–160 mM Na2–7 mM K	—	0.7–1.0	106	[15]
FI-AAS, FI- FES	Ca, Mg, K	Direct FI-FAAS and FI-FES	Plant material	—	—	0.5–1.0	300	[16]
FI-FES	Li, Na, K, Ca	Using gradient scanning standard addition with FES	Soil, water	20–80 mg L^−1	—	2.5–4.6	—	[17]
MSFI-FES	K	MSFIA system and inline microwave digestion with FES	Plant	20–200 mg g^−1	0.48 mg g^−1	2.5–4.0	28	[18]
FI-FES	Na, K, total Alkalies	FI-FES with amplifier circuit used for improvement of sensitivity	Portland cement, fly ash, admixture and water of concrete	0.05–1.0 mg L^−11.0–20.0 mg L^−1	0.02	1.7–1.8	120	This work

*FI = flow injection, MSFI = multisyringe flow injection, FES = flame emission spectrometry, FAAS = flame atomic absorption spectrometry.