Research Article

Quantitative Determination of Acetaldehyde in Foods Using Automated Digestion with Simulated Gastric Fluid Followed by Headspace Gas Chromatography

Table 1

Results of acetaldehyde analyses in selected foods.

FoodAcetaldehyde content (mg/kg)CV (%)

Milk products
Ayran A (Turkish milk product)5.791.35
Ayran B (Turkish milk product)6.511.42
Ayran C (Turkish milk product)9.791.78
Buttermilk0.010.52
Crème fraiche1.781.21
Yoghurt with fruits (banana, granadilla, low-fat yoghurt)4.401.25
Yoghurt with fruits (apple, vanilla, low-fat yoghurt)3.350.54
Fruit-yoghurt (strawberry)2.771.03
Fruit-yoghurt (Raspberries, red-currant, low-fat yogurt)5.621.57
Yoghurt A 1 (low-fat yoghurt)17.420.24
Yoghurt A 2 (low-fat yoghurt)16.442.34
Yoghurt A 3 (low-fat yoghurt)16.891.46
Yoghurt B 16.051.61
Yoghurt B 26.151.81
Yoghurt B 36.361.42
Yoghurt C8.380.73
Yoghurt D12.350.10
Yoghurt E9.660.28
Yoghurt F 113.770.53
Yoghurt F 212.751.26
Yoghurt mild A (low-fat yoghurt)12.611.25
Yoghurt mild A8.481.55
Yoghurt mild B (low-fat yoghurt)7.271.07
Yoghurt mild D (low-fat yoghurt)9.431.32
Yoghurt mild A13.611.40
Yoghurt mild F (goat milk)2.400.76
Yoghurt mild G (sheep milk)11.540.76
Yoghurt mild H (sheep milk)11.070.19
Kefir mild A1.480.29
Kefir mild B0.010.18
Sour milk A1.191.52
Sour milk0.190.14
Sour cream A0.470.31
Sour cream B4.260.30
Sour cream C6.281.43
Cheddar cheese0.220.82
Fresh cheese A0.680.39
Fresh cheese B1.060.90
Gouda cheese0.160.22
Quark, fresh cheese (low fat)1.810.07
Quark, fresh cheese (20%)1.070.91
Quark C, fresh cheese (low fat)0.120.94
Quark D, fresh cheese (low fat)2.051.70

Fruits
Pineapple0.631.09
Apple A (Elstar)1.810.73
Apple B (Pink Lady)0.320.06
Apple C (Jonagold)0.570.26
Apple D (Boskoop)0.400.29
Apple E (Tenroy Gala)0.520.89
Apple F.1 (Golden Delicious)2.391.06
Apple F.2 (Golden Delicious)2.351.01
Apple G (Granny Smith)0.761.77
Apricots1.571.07
Banana A.110.131.91
Banana A.216.362.36
Banana A.314.391.95
Banana A.418.272.33
Banana B2.211.13
Banana C14.782.33
Banana D1.880.43
Banana E7.521.07
Pear3.740.74
Strawberry1.291.57
Grapefruit3.230.30
Bilberries2.110.85
Kiwi fruit A0.731.30
Kiwi fruit B0.810.75
Mandarin0.780.95
Mango1.190.76
Orange A5.560.12
Orange B8.370.22
Papaya0.830.83
Grapes (red)0.911.78
Lemon3.921.93
Apple puree0.411.91
Fruit preparation with apples and bananas0.371.16
Fruit preparation with bananas and yoghurt1.410.32
Fruit preparation with pears1.170.31
Mandarins (canned)3.130.02
Banana chips (roasted)0.981.11

Vegetables
Cucumber1.560.46
Carrot1.911.81
Garlic5.601.22
Cabbage turnip2.881.10
Capsicum (yellow)0.172.48
Capsicum (red)0.101.19
Beetroot0.150.47
Tomato0.051.81
Onion1.060.03
Pickled gherkin2.611.25
Sweet corn (canned)1.290.45
Sauerkraut (canned)2.371.42
Asparagus (canned)0.401.74
Carrots (canned)1.601.17
Peas (canned)4.492.61
Fresh beans (canned) A1.010.75
Fresh beans (canned) B1.011.50
Lentils (canned)0.100.57

Other foods
Strawberry jam0.260.31
Plum puree0.971.84
Honey1.010.60
Wheat and rye bread1.501.63
Rye whole-meal bread with pumpkinseed2.680.62
Vinegar2.611.35
Mustard0.150.65
Lemon flavour for baking26.321.27
Orange flavour14160.83

Alcohol-free beverages
Pineapple juice (direct juice)0.010.85
Apple juice (direct juice)5.720.60
Banana nectar A0.260.95
Banana nectar B0.451.25
Peach nectar0.521.51
Orange juice (from concentrate)1.830.92
Orange juice (direct juice)5.890.94
Smoothie strawberry banana3.061.58
Grape juice (direct juice)0.971.85
Ice tea (peach flavour)4.321.05
Energy drink A1.081.43
Energy drink B0.060.82
Energy drink C0.360.27
Soft drink (with fermented cranberry)3.490.92
Soft drink (with fermented quince)0.320.75
Soft drink (with fermented herbs)0.331.16
Cola0.280.66
Apple soft drink7.541.07
Cherry soft drink0.931.68
Orange soft drink A16.302.28
Orange soft drink B14.010.25
Wild beery soft drink2.392.18
Carrot juice (fermented)1.140.67
Carrot juice (direct juice)2.490.82
Tomato juice (from concentrate)0.151.37
Instant coffee A (powder)35.510.44
Instant coffee A (2 g per 180 mL)0.260.35
Instant coffee B (powder)31.201.70
Coffee, roasted A (powder)40.143.28
Coffee, roasted A (powder)1.151.19
Coffee, roasted B (powder)36.262.49
Earl Grey tea (leaves)9.840.99
Green tea (leaves)1.350.34