Abstract
A new stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (RP-HPTLC) method for densitometric analysis of thiocolchicoside was developed and validated. The chromatograms were developed using aluminum plates pre-coated with silica gel 60 RP-18 F254S as a stationary phase and methanol : water (70 : 30 ) as a mobile phase. The compact band for thiocolchicoside was observed at value of at an absorption wavelength of 377 nm. The linear regression data for the calibration plots () was found with respect to peak area in the concentration range of 100–600 ng per band. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 9.77 ng and 29.63 ng, respectively. The drug was exposed to acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation, photo degradation, and dry heat conditions. The peaks of degradation products were well-resolved from the peak of the standard drug with significantly different values. Statistical analysis proved that the established RP-HPTLC method is reproducible, selective, and accurate for the determination of thiocolchicoside in its formulations. The method can effectively separate the drug from its degradation products, and it can be considered as stability-indicating assay.
1. Introduction
Thiocolchicoside is chemically 2-demethoxy-2-glucosidoxythicolchicine (Figure 1) [1]. Thiocolchicoside is a semisynthetic sulfur derivative of colchicoside, a naturally occurring glucoside present in the plant Gloriosa superba. Clinically, thiocolchicoside is used for muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties [2]. Few LC-MS-MS methods have been established for the assessment of bioequivalence of thiocolchicoside as a single component [3] and in fixed-dose combination tablet with lornoxicam [4].
Some analytical methods, such as LC-ESI-MS [5] RP-HPLC [6, 7] and UV-Spectrophotometric [8, 9] have been established for the determination of thiocolchicoside alone in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
Thiocolchicoside is available in combination with many other drugs; therefore, several methods such as UV-Spectrophotometric [10–13], RP-HPLC [14–18], and HPTLC [19–23] methods have been studied for the determination of thiocolchicoside in combined dosage forms.
The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines entitled “Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products” requires that stress testing can be carried out to elucidate the inherent stability characteristics of the active substance. An ideal stability-indicating method is that which resolves the standard drug as well as its degradation products [24]. Hence, a reliable and rapid determination method needs to be developed, which could also be used to obtain the optimum separation of the degradation components from the parent compound. However, to our knowledge, no article related to the stability-indicating RP-HPTLC determination of thiocolchicoside has ever been mentioned in literature. The objective of the work described in this paper is to establish conditions for identification and quantitative analysis of thiocolchicoside in the presence of its degradation products for assessment of purity of bulk drug and stability of its dosage forms. The suitability of stability-indicating RP-HPTLC method for quantitative determination of thiocolchicoside was proved by validation in accordance with the requirement of ICH guidelines [25].
2. Experimental
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
Thiocolchicoside was obtained as a gift sample from Ajanta Pharma. Ltd, Mumbai, India. HPLC grade methanol, HCl, NaOH, and H2O2 were purchased from Merck Chemicals, India.
2.2. HPTLC Instrumentation
The drug standard and samples were spotted in the form of bands of 6 mm width with a CAMAG Linomat microlitre syringe (100 μL, Hamilton, Bunaduz, Switzerland) using a CAMAG Linomat 5-sample applicator (CAMAG Muttenz, Switzerland) with a constant rate of application, 150 nL per second. The plates were prewashed with methanol and activated at 100°C for 10 min prior to chromatography. Chromatography was performed on aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60 RP-18 F254S (20 × 10 cm, E. Merck, Germany). Linear ascending development with methanol: water (70 : 30 v/v) as mobile phase was performed in a 20 × 10 cm twin-trough glass chamber (CAMAG Muttenz, Switzerland). The optimized chamber saturation time for the mobile phase was for 30 min at room temperature (28 ± 2°C). The length of the chromatogram run was approximately 80 mm. Development time of the plate was 25 min. After development, the plates were dried in current of air by an air dryer. Detection of spot was then performed at 377 nm with a CAMAG TLC Scanner 3 in absorbance mode operated by winCATS software version 1.3.0. The source of radiation was a deuterium lamp. Slit dimensions were 6 mm × 0.45 mm, and the scanning speed, 20 mm per second.
2.3. Preparation of Stock Standard
Stock standard solution of 1 mg/mL of thiocolchicoside in methanol.
2.4. Linearity Study
Stock standard solution in the range of 0.2 to 1.2 mL was transferred into six separate 10 mL volumetric flasks, and volume was made up with methanol. From each of the above solutions, 5 μL was applied on RP-HPTLC plates to obtain concentration in the range of 100 to 600 ng per band. The calibration plot for the method was constructed as peak area versus drug concentration.
2.5. Preparation of Sample Solution
To determine the content of thiocolchicoside in capsule, twenty capsules (MYORIL, label claim: 8 mg of thiocolchicoside per capsule) were weighed; the content of capsules was removed; and the average weight was determined. An amount equivalent to 8 mg of thiocolchicoside was transferred to 100 mL volumetric flask containing 50 mL methanol and sonicated for 10 min; volume was adjusted to mark and filtered using Whatmann No. 41 filter paper. A volume of 5 mL was diluted to 10 mL with methanol; resulting solution 5 μL applied on RP-HPTLC plate for assay of thiocolchicoside. The plates were developed and scanned as described above.
2.6. Method Validation
The method was validated for following parameters as per ICH guidelines.
2.6.1. Precision
Repeatability of sample application and measurement of peak area were performed using six replicates of the test concentration (400 ng per band of thiocolchicoside). The intra- and inter-day variation for the estimation of thiocolchicoside was carried out using three replicates at three different concentration levels (200, 300, and 500 ng per band).
2.6.2. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ)
In order to determine detection and quantification limit, thiocolchicoside concentrations in the lower part of the linear range of the calibration curve were used. From the stock standard solution, thiocolchicoside 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, and 200 ng per band was applied in triplicate on RP-HPTLC plate and LOD and LOQ were calculated using the following equations: where “” is standard deviation of the peak areas of the drugs (), taken as a measure of noise and “” is the slope of the corresponding calibration curve.
2.6.3. Specificity
The specificity of the method was checked by analyzing drug standard and sample. The band for thiocolchicoside in sample was confirmed by comparing the values and spectra of the band with those of drug standard. The peak-purity of thiocolchicoside was confirmed by comparing the spectra at three different levels, that is, peak-start (), peak-apex (), and peak-end () positions of the band.
2.6.4. Ruggedness
Ruggedness of the method was performed by analyzing 400 ng of thiocolchicoside by two different analysts keeping the same experimental and environmental conditions.
2.6.5. Accuracy
Nine bands of thiocolchicoside sample solution (200 ng per band) were applied on plate, and then the known amount of thiocolchicoside was applied in triplicate at 80, 100, and 120% (160, 200 and 240 ng per band) of the sample concentration (200 ng per band) and reanalysed by the proposed method. This was performed to evaluate the recovery study of the drug at different levels in the formulations.
2.6.6. Robustness
By making small modifications the mobile phase composition, amount of mobile phase, time from application to development, and time from development to scanning the effects on the results were examined. Mobile phases having different compositions of methanol: water (72 : 28 v/v) and methanol: water (68 : 32 v/v) were tried and chromatograms were run. The plates were prewashed by methanol and activated at 80 ± 5°C for 2, 5, and 8 min prior to chromatography. The robustness of method was performed using six replicates of the same spot (400 ng per band of thiocolchicoside).
2.7. Forced Degradation of Thiocolchicoside
2.7.1. Acid and Base Hydrolysis
Accurately weighed quantity 10 mg of thiocolochicoside was separately dissolved in 10 mL methanolic solution of 1.0 M HCl and 0.5 M NaOH, respectively and refluxed for 30 min at 60°C in dark to avoid likely degradative effect of light. A volume of 1.0 mL from the above solutions was separately taken, neutralized and diluted up to 10 mL with methanol. The resultant solutions were applied on the RP-HPTLC plates in triplicates (5 μL each, i.e., 500 ng per band). The chromatograms were developed and scanned as described above.
2.7.2. Oxidative Degradation
For oxidative degradation, accurately weighed quantity 10 mg of thioclochicoside was separately dissolved in 10 mL methanolic solution of 1% v/v H2O2 and 3% v/v H2O2, respectively and kept in dark at room temperature for 30 min. After 30 min, 1.0 mL from each of the above solutions were taken and diluted up to 10 mL with methanol. The resultant solutions were applied on RP-HPTLC plates in triplicate (5 μL each, i.e., 500 ng per band). The chromatograms were developed and scanned as described above.
2.7.3. Dry Heat Degradation
Accurately weighed quantity 10 mg of thiocolchicoside was stored at 70°C for 8 h in an oven. It was transferred to 10 mL volumetric flask containing methanol and volume was made up to the mark. The 1.0 mL of above solution was taken and diluted up to 10 mL with methanol. The resultant solution was applied on RP-HPTLC plate in triplicate (5 μL each, i.e., 500 ng per band). The chromatogram was developed and scanned as described above.
2.7.4. Photo Degradation
Accurately weighed quantity 10 mg of thiocolchicoside was dissolved in 10 mL methanol and solutions was kept for period of 24 h in light. An appropriate volume 1.0 mL of above solution was taken and diluted up to 10 mL with methanol. The resultant solution was applied on RP-HPTLC plate in triplicate (5 μL each, i.e., 500 ng per band). The chromatogram was developed and scanned as described above.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Development of Optimum Mobile Phase
For the selection of appropriate mobile phase for the separation of thiocolchicoside, several runs were exercised using mobile phases containing solvents of varying polarities, at different concentration levels. Among the different mobile phase combinations employed, the mobile phase consisting of methanol: water (70 : 30 v/v) gave a sharp and well-defined peak at value of 0.60 ± 0.02 (Figure 2). The well-distinct bands were found when the chamber was saturated with the mobile phase for 30 min at room temperature.
3.2. Calibration Curve
The linear regression data for the calibration curves () showed good linear relationship over the concentration range of 100–600 ng per band. Linear regression equation was found to be , = 0.9984 (Figure 3).
3.3. Validation of Method
The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines.
The precision of the method was revealed in terms of % relative standard deviation (% RSD) of the peak area. The results (Table 1) epitomized sounds precision of the method which were determined from the slope of the lowest part of the calibration plot. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 9.77 ng and 29.63 ng, respectively, which indicates the sensitivity of the method, is adequate.
The recovery studies were executed out at 80%, 100%, and 120% of the test concentration as per ICH guidelines. The % recovery of thiocolchicoside at all the three levels was found to in the range of 99.92–100.04%. The amounts of drug added and determined and the % recovery are shown in (Table 2). The peak-purity of thiocolchicoside was confirmed by evaluating the spectra studies at peak-start, peak-apex and peak-end positions of the band, that is, (, ) = 0.9995 and (, ) = 0.9986 showing specificity of the method (Figure 4). Good correlation ( = 0.9989) was obtained between drug standard and drug extracted from capsule formulation. The robustness of the method was experimented by making purposeful alteration in the chromatographic conditions, and the effect on the chromatogram was observed. The standard deviation of peak areas was calculated for each parameter, and % RSD was found to be less than 2%. The low values of % RSD values indicate robustness of the method; results are shown in (Table 3). The ruggedness of the method was verified by different analyst and the %RSD was found to be 0.57 and 0.58 it indicate that the method is rugged.
3.4. Analysis of the Marketed Formulation
Thiocolchicoside when extracted from capsule formulation demonstrated a single spot having = 0.60 ± 0.02 in the chromatogram. The mean % drug content was found to be 100.27% of the label claim with 0.88% RSD.
3.5. Stability-Indicating Property
3.5.1. Acidic Degradation
Forced degradation of thiocolchicoside in 1.0 M HCl (60°C for 30 min) was found to be instable and showed two additional peaks at values 0.33 and 0.71 (Figure 5(a)). The spots of the degraded products were well separated from the spot of thiocolchicoside.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3.5.2. Basic Degradation
Thiocolchicoside was found to be instable during alkali hydrolysis in 0.5 M NaOH at 60°C for 30 min. The drug showed one additional peak at value 0.72 with thiocolchicoside remained at 0.60 (Figure 5(b)). The spots of the degraded products were well separated from the drug spots.
3.5.3. Oxidative Degradation
Thiocolchicoside possesses sulphur atom, which is more susceptible to oxidation by H2O2. After treatment of thiocolchicoside with 1% v/v H2O2, three additional peaks at values 0.38, 0.46, and 0.70 were observed along with thiocolchicoside remained at 0.60 (Figure 5(c)). In oxidative degradation with 3% v/v H2O2 thiocolchicoside underwent complete degradation resulting into two major peaks at values 0.58 and 0.64 and one peak at 0.70, respectively (Figure 5(d)). The peak-purity spectra of thiocolchicoside recovered after degradation in 1 M HCl, 0.5 M NaOH, and 1% v/v H2O2 and thiocolchicoside standard scanned at peak-start, peak-apex, and peak end positions of the spot are as shown in (Figure 6). The results from the stress testing studies revealed that the method was highly specific for thiocolchicoside. The degradation products were entirely noticeable from the parent compound. No decomposition was identified on exposure of drug solution to sunlight during photo and thermal degradation indicating stability of drug to both conditions. The results of the forced degradation study of thiocolchicoside are summarized in (Table 4).
4. Conclusion
In the present study, forced degradation of thiocolchicoside was performed to elucidate its inherent chemical stability. For this purpose an RP-HPTLC method has been developed. The developed method was found to be simple, rapid, selective, sensitive, and suitable for determination of thiocolchicoside in bulk material and capsule formulation. During the study, it was found that thiocolchicoside is susceptible to acid and base hydrolysis as well as oxidation. As the method is stability-indicating one, it can be used to determine the purity of the drug available from various sources by detecting the related impurities. Besides, it can be concluded that the impurities present in the drug could be due to hydrolysis or oxidation during the processing and storage of the drug.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur (M.S.), India, for providing the required facilities to carry out this research work.