Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Research Article

Ultratrace Determination of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) by Microsample Injection System Flame Atomic Spectroscopy in Drinking Water and Treated and Untreated Industrial Effluents

Table 3

Comparative data of analytical characteristics of the literature reported methods and proposed method.


Analyte(s)	Analytical technique	Extraction phase	Extraction time (min)	Enrichment factor	LOD (µg/L)	RSD (%)	Ref.

Cr(VI)	FAAS	Ethyl xanthate complex onto naphthalene	15	100	0.500	3.1	[25]
Cr(VI)	CE-FAAS	Dy₂O₃ aqueous solution	20	100	0.780	—	[26]
Cr(VI)	UPAILDLLME-ETAAS	APDC/[Hmim][PF₆]	5-6	300	0.07	9.2	[22]
Cr(VI)	DLLME-UV-Vis spectrophotometry	DIC/Toluene	—	—	30.0	<5.0	[27]
Cr(VI)	DLLME-ETAAS	APDC/CCl₄	—	171	0.00596	3.02	[28]
Cr(VI) Cr(T)	DLLME-FAAS	APDC + EDTA/ CCl₄	0.08	275 262	0.07 0.08	2.0 2.6	[29]
Cr(VI)	DLLME-ETAAS	APDC + ([C₈MIm][NTf₂])	—	300	0.002		[30]
Cr(VI)	DLLME-MIS-FAAS	APDC/CCl₄	0.08–0.16	400	0.037	<4.0	Current study

Pb(II)	CP-FAAS	5-Chloro-2-hydroxyaniline-Cu(II)	10	50	2.72	<5.0	[31]
Pb(II)	MF-FAAS	Cellulose nitrate/HNO₃	—	60	0.30	<10	[32]
Pb(II)	SDME-ETAAS	DDTP/CHCl₃	7	52	0.20	<4.0	[33]
Pb(II)	IL-SDME-ETAAS	5-Br-PADAP/CYPHOS IL 101	15	32	0.0032	4.9	[34]
Pb(II)	IL-SDME-ETAAS	APDC/[C₄MIM][PF₆]	7	76	0.015	5.2	[35]
Pb(II)	DLLME-FAAS	DDTP/CCl₄	0.08	450	0.50	3.8	[36]
Pb(II)	DLLME-GFAAS	DDTP/CCl₄	<3	150	0.02	2.5	[37]
Pb(II)	DLLME-GFAAS	PMBP/CCl₄	5	78	0.0039	3.2	[38]
Pb(II)	DLLME-MIS-FAAS	APDC/CCl₄	0.08–0.16	400	0.054	<5.0	Current study

Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC), 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5-Br-PADAP), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C₄MIM][PF₆], charge coupled device (CCD), coprecipitation flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (CE-FAAS), O,O-diethyldithiophosphate (DDTP), methylindocarbocyanine (DIC), 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Hmim][PF₆]), electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDC), 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (PMBP), single drop microextraction (SDME), sequential injection analysis (SIA), tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium chloride (CYPHOS IL 101), ultrasonic probe-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UPAILDLLME), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C₈MIm][NTf₂]).