A. santonicum L., A. taurica Willd., A. spicigera K. Koch, A. herba-alba Asso, A. haussknechtii Boiss., A. campestris L., A. araratica Krasch., A. armeniaca Lam., A. austriaca Jacq., and A. abrotanum L.
(i) Extraction with n-hexane at room temperature for 2 days with a laboratory-scale shaker (ii) Precolumn derivatization (0.2% NaOH, 50°C, 30 min, then acidified 0.08 M acetic acid)
Artemisinin
DAD, 254 nm
(i) Column: ACE-5 C18 column (250 4.6 mm, 5 μm) (ii) Column temperature: 30°C (iii) Elution type: isocratic (iv) The mobile phase: formic acid (0.2% v/v) : acetonitrile (50 : 50 v/v) (v) Flow rate: 1 mL/min. (vi) Retention time: 5.58 min
(i) Extraction in Soxhlet extractor with petroleum ether (30–60°C) for 6 h (ii) Precolumn derivatization (0.2% NaOH, 45°C, 30 min, and then acidified 0.08 M acetic acid)
Artemisinin
UV, 260 nm
(i) Column: RP-C18 silica column (250 4.6 mm, 5 μm) (ii) Column temperature: 30°C (iii) Elution type: isocratic (iv) The mobile phase: methanol/acetonitrile/0.9 mM Na2HPO4–3.6 mM NaH2PO4 buffer (pH 7.76) solution (45/10/45 v/v/v) (v) Injection volume: 10 μL (vi) Flow rate: 0.5 mL/min (vii) Retention time: 16.85 min
(i) Extraction with various solvent types: 100% methanol, 75% methanol, 50% methanol, 25% methanol, 75% acetonitrile in a thermostatic rotary shaker, and various temperatures (30–60°C) for various time intervals (ii) Precolumn derivatization (0.25% NaOH, 50°C, 1 hour and then being acidified with 0.2 M acetic acid solution)
Anabsinthin and derivatized artemisinin
DAD, 205 and 258 nm
(i) Column: C8 (250 mm 4.6 mm, 5 μm) (ii) Column temperature: 30°C (iii) Flow rate: 1 mL/min (iv) Elution type: gradient elution: 90% A/10% B, hold for 5 min, to 60% B in the next 13 min (v) The mobile phase: A: methanol/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (15/85), B: methanol/0.1% TFA (85/15) (vi) Artemisinin not detected
Extraction by refluxing with hexane at 75°C for 1 hour
Artemisinin
ELSD
(i) Column: C18-RP (250 mm × 4.0 mm, 5 μm) (ii) Column temperature: room temperature (iii) Elution type: isocratic (iv) The mobile phase: water adjusted to pH 3.0–3.5 with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) : acetonitrile (65 : 35) (v) Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min (vi) Retention time: 7.63 min
Extraction in Soxhlet extractor with petroleum ether : n-hexane (2 : 1) for 4 hours
Artemisinin
DAD, 258 nm
(i) Column: C8 (250 4.6 mm, 5 μm) (ii) Column temperature: 30°C (iii) Elution type: gradient, 5 min—70% A: 30% B to 60% B in the next 13 min (iv) The mobile phase: A: 0.9 mM Na2HPO4, 3.6 mM NaH2PO4 buffer (pH 7.76); B: acetonitrile (v) Injection volume: 20 μL (vi) Flow rate: 1 mL/min (vii) Retention time: 6.476 min
Extraction with methanol by sonication, 45 minutes
Artemisinin
LC-MS with SIM
(i) Column: ODS3 column (250 4.6 mm, 5 μm) (ii) Elution type: gradient, 72% B for 6 min, and it was then increased to 100% B in 1 min (iii) The mobile phase: water (0.1% formic acid) and (B) acetonitrile (iv) Injection volume: 2 L (v) Flow rate: 1.2 mL/min (vi) 265.3
Extraction in Soxhlet extractor with methanol, 60°C
Artemisinin
HPLC/DAD 214, 217, 280, and 290 nm HPLC-positive mode ESI-MS
(i) Column: SB-C18 column (150 mm 4.6 mm i.d., 1.8 μm) (ii) Column temperature: 30°C (iii) Elution type: gradient, 0 min, A : B 10 : 90; 36 min, A : B 70 : 30; 50 min, A : B 100 : 0; 60 min (iv) The mobile phase: (A) methanol and (B) 0.2% formic acid (v) Flow rate: 0.8 mL/min (vi) Retention time: 35.2 min
Maceration with dichloromethane or hexane, at room temperature, for 72 hours
Artemisinin
HPLC-DAD (210 nm), HPLC-MS (API electrospray)
(i) Column: RP-18 column (250 mm 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) (ii) Column temperature: 26°C (iii) Elution type: isocratic (iv) The mobile phase: water adjusted to pH 3.2 by formic acid (A), and acetonitrile (B) 50% A : 50% B (v) Injection volume: 20 μL (vi) Flow rate: 1.3 mL/min (vii) Retention time: 15.1 min
Extraction with different solvents and mixtures: n-hexane, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, toluene by maceration, percolation, or decoction, at low temperatures and vigorous shaking
Artemisinin, arteannuin, and artemisitone
RP-HPLC/refraction index
(i) Column: RP-C18 column (100 mm 4 mm i.d., 3 μm) (ii) Column temperature: room temperature (iii) Elution type: isocratic (iv) The mobile phase: methanol (80–90%), water (v) Injection volume: 100 L (vi) Flow rate: 0.5 mL/min (vii) Retention time: 1.7 min (arteannuin), 2 min (artemisinin), and 5.3 min (artemisitone)