A Stability-Indicating HPLC-DAD Method for Determination of Ferulic Acid into Microparticles: Development, Validation, Forced Degradation, and Encapsulation Efficiency

Table 1

Previous papers that report HPLC methods for isolation and quantification of FA.

Sample type	Chromatographic conditions	Was the (bio)analytical validation process carried out?	Reference
Rat plasma after oral administration of Chuanxiong rhizome and its related preparation (Suanzaoren)	Column: Hypersil C18 column (200 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); mobile phase: acetonitrile : water (16 : 84 v/v) containing 1% glacial acetic acid; injection volume: 20 μL; flow rate: 0.8 mL/min; column temperature: ambient; detection: UV (320 nm); retention time: 12.7 min.	Yes	[23]
Ferulic acid/γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex	Column: Supelcosil LC-18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); mobile phase: acetonitrile : water (2% acetic acid) (22 : 78 v/v); injection volume: 20 μL; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; column temperature: ambient; detection: UV (320 nm); retention time: 10.5 min.	No	[18]
Rabbit plasma after intravenous administration of danxiongfang (a Chinese medicine formula used to treat atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis)	Column: Agilent HC-C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); mobile phase: methanol : water (0.5% glacial acetic acid) (20 : 80 to 80 : 20 v/v); injection volume: 20 μL; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; column temperature: ambient; detection: UV (281 nm); retention time: 7.78 min.	Yes	[24]
Ma-Zu-Wan-Show-Yao-Jyo (a Chinese tonic wine)	Column: Cosmosil 5C18-AR-II (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); mobile phase: water adjusted to pH 3.0 with 0.1 N phosphoric acid : acetonitrile (65 : 35 to 75 : 25 v/v); injection volume: 20 μL; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; column temperature: ambient; detection: UV (285 nm); retention time: 10.0 min.	Yes	[25]
Xuebijing injection (a traditional Chinese medicine for treating sepsis)	Column: Zorbox SB C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); mobile phase: 0.2% phosphoric acid : acetonitrile in gradient elution; injection volume: 20 μL; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; column temperature: ambient.	Yes	[26]
Rice (Oryza sativa L.)	Column: C18 Waters Symmetry column (150 × 3.9 mm, 5 μm) coupled to a guard column; mobile phase: 1% (v/v) acetic acid : acetonitrile in gradient elution; injection volume: 20 μL; flow rate: 0.8 mL/min; column temperature: 30°C; detection: UV (280 nm); retention time: 18 min.	Yes	[27]
Ferulic acid/hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin inclusion complex	Column: C18 Symmetry column (150 × 3.9 mm; 5 μm); mobile phase: methanol : water : acetic acid (50 : 50 : 0.5); injection volume: 10 μL; flow rate: 0.8 mL/min; column temperature: 30°C; detection: UV (313 nm); retention time: 15 min.	No	[2]
Insampaedok-san; (a traditional oriental medicine prescription for treating cold-related symptoms)	Column: Shiseido C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); mobile phase: water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid :  methanol in gradient elution; injection volume: 20 μL; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; column temperature: 35°C; detection: UV (320 nm); retention time: 22.07 min.	Yes	[28]
Nao-De-Sheng; (a tradicional Chinese formula containing Chuanxiong rhizome)	Column: C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); mobile phase: methanol : water (0.5% acetic acid) (30 : 70 v/v); injection volume: 20 μL; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; column temperature: 35°C; detection: UV (320 nm); retention time: 15.02 min.	Yes	[29]
Ferula asafoetida and a polyherbal preparation	Column: HiQSil ODS C-18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); mobile phase: acetonitrile: 10% acetic acid (20 : 80 v/v), pH 2.25; injection volume: 20 μL; flow rate: 1.0 mL/min; column temperature: 30°C; detection: UV (319 nm); retention time: 10.24 min.	Yes	[30]