Influence of Polyphosphoric Acid on the Consistency and Composition of Formulated Bitumen: Standard Characterization and NMR Insights

Table 5

¹H NMR results for the bitumen before and after PPA modification.

Segment

Chemical shift (ppm)

Hydrogen type

Bit1

Bit1 + PPA

Bit2

Bit2 + PPA

Bit3

Bit3 + PPA

Bit4

Bit4 + PPA

Bit5

Bit5 + PPA

Bit6

Bit6 + PPA

Bit7

Bit7 + PPA

%

%

1

0.5–1.0

γ CH3, some naphthenic CH and CH2

16.89 ± 0.22

17.09 ± 0.12

16.82 ± 0.04

17.45 ± 0.01

17.45 ± 0.18

17.67 ± 0.07

17.13 ± 0.24

17.36 ± 0.13

16.87 ± 0.08

17.56 ± 0.06

17.35 ± 0.10

17.83 ± 0.12

17.42 ± 0.08

17.80 ± 0.19

2

1.0–1.7

β CH2 and some β CH

50.21 ± 0.03

50.53 ± 0.08

50.56 ± 0.11

50.92 ± 0.20

53.26 ± 0.16

53.47 ± 0.16

50.92 ± 0.09

51.31 ± 0.25

51.12 ± 0.16

51.48 ± 0.16

53.63 ± 0.23

53.66 ± 0.06

54.98 ± 0.22

54.73 ± 0.18

3

1.7–1.9

Most CH and CH2 in β positions

4.30 ± 0.02

4.20 ± 0.02

4.33 ± 0.03

4.18 ± 0.02

4.24 ± 0.06

4.14 ± 0.00

4.21 ± 0.06

4.15 ± 0.04

4.31 ± 0.03

4.13 ± 0.03

4.23 ± 0.05

4.10 ± 0.04

4.08 ± 0.02

4.03 ± 0.06

4

1.9–2.1

α CH3 in olefins

2.35 ± 0.01

2.27 ± 0.02

2.35 ± 0.03

2.23 ± 0.01

2.29 ± 0.05

2.23 ± 0.01

2.27 ± 0.05

2.24 ± 0.03

2.33 ± 0.02

2.20 ± 0.02

2.28 ± 0.04

2.19 ± 0.03

2.20 ± 0.03

2.16 ± 0.05

5

2.1–2.4

α CH3 in aromatic carbons

4.19 ± 0.03

4.07 ± 0.02

4.15 ± 0.02

3.97 ± 0.02

3.77 ± 0.04

3.65 ± 0.01

3.99 ± 0.04

3.97 ± 0.04

4.06 ± 0.02

3.89 ± 0.02

3.73 ± 0.01

3.61 ± 0.02

3.52 ± 0.01

3.42 ± 0.01

6

2.4–3.5

α CH and CH2 in aromatic carbons

11.97 ± 0.09

11.8 ± 0.10

11.95 ± 0.08

11.55 ± 0.06

10.51 ± 0.13

10.38 ± 0.06

11.57 ± 0.11

11.37 ± 0.04

11.68 ± 0.03

11.27 ± 0.07

10.42 ± 0.10

10.22 ± 0.05

9.78 ± 0.07

9.74 ± 0.10

7

3.5–4.5

Bridging CH2

1.11 ± 0.04

1.09 ± 0.07

1.11 ± 0.06

1.00 ± 0.03

1.02 ± 0.09

1.04 ± 0.03

1.14 ± 0.07

1.01 ± 0.07

1.12 ± 0.06

0.99 ± 0.04

1.02 ± 0.10

1.01 ± 0.05

0.97 ± 0.08

1.01 ± 0.08

8

4.5–6.0

Olefins

0.07 ± 0.02

0.10 ± 0.03

0.04 ± 0.03

0.07 ± 0.01

0.06 ± 0.06

0.09 ± 0.02

0.11 ± 0.03

0.07 ± 0.03

0.06 ± 0.06

0.06 ± 0.02

0.05 ± 0.08

0.09 ± 0.02

0.04 ± 0.07

0.14 ± 0.09

9

6.0–7.2

Monoaromatics

2.87 ± 0.10

2.68 ± 0.19

2.83 ± 0.17

2.75 ± 0.05

2.54 ± 0.12

2.34 ± 0.10

2.70 ± 0.08

2.76 ± 0.04

2.72 ± 0.10

2.63 ± 0.16

2.49 ± 0.13

2.31 ± 0.19

2.36 ± 0.11

2.25 ± 0.08

10

7.2–8.3

Diaromatics and some tri- and tetra-aromatics

5.23 ± 0.02

5.25 ± 0.05

5.11 ± 0.06

5.10 ± 0.05

4.20 ± 0.02

4.26 ± 0.03

5.11 ± 0.05

4.99 ± 0.08

4.97 ± 0.06

4.98 ± 0.07

4.12 ± 0.06

4.24 ± 0.02

3.97 ± 0.05

4.01 ± 0.08

11

8.3–8.9

Some tri- and tetra-aromatics

0.67 ± 0.01

0.71 ± 0.04

0.64 ± 0.04

0.66 ± 0.03

0.55 ± 0.02

0.61 ± 0.01

0.71 ± 0.03

0.65 ± 0.05

0.64 ± 0.04

0.67 ± 0.04

0.53 ± 0.04

0.61 ± 0.02

0.53 ± 0.03

0.59 ± 0.02

12

8.9–9.3

Some tetra-aromatics

0.12 ± 0.01

0.14 ± 0.02

0.10 ± 0.02

0.11 ± 0.01

0.10 ± 0.01

0.13 ± 0.00

0.14 ± 0.01

0.12 ± 0.02

0.11 ± 0.02

0.12 ± 0.02

0.10 ± 0.02

0.13 ± 0.01

0.10 ± 0.02

0.12 ± 0.01