|
| Analytes | Sample | Pretreatment | Extracting solvent volume (µL) | Dispersing solvent volume (µL) | Analysis method | References |
|
| Carbamazepine | Plasma | Plasma: precipitation with acetonitrile, centrifugation, filtration (0.45 µm), and dilution (1 : 10) | Chloroform (78 µL) | Ethanol (1000 µL) | HPLC-UV/Vis | [32] |
| Urine | Urine: dilution (1 : 5) |
|
| Amitriptyline, clomipramine, and thioridazine | Urine | Centrifugation for 15 min and filtration (0.45 µm) of upper phase | Carbon tetrachloride (20 µL) | Acetonitrile (500 µL) | HPLC-UV/Vis | [33] |
|
| Clozapine and chlorpromazine | Urine | Centrifugation at 4000 rpm/15 min | Carbon tetrachloride (40 µL) | Ethanol (200 µL) | HPLC-UV/Vis | [34] |
|
| Losartan and carvedilol | Plasma | Plasma: precipitation with acetone (1 : 1) and dilution (1 : 5) | Plasma: chloroform (100 µL) | Plasma: acetone (500 µL) | HPLC-UV/Vis | [35] |
| Urine | Urine: pH adjustment (acid solution) | Urine: chloroform (160 µL) | Urine: acetone (400 µL) |
|
| 7-Aminoflunitrazepam | Urine | Ammonia (0.2 M) | Dichloromethane (250 µL) | Isopropyl alcohol (500 µL) | LC-ESI-MS/MS | [36] |
|
| Fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil | Plasma | Plasma: filtration (0.45 µm), dilution (1 : 4), and precipitation with methanol (1 : 2) | Chloroform (142 µL) | Methanol (2000 µL) | HPLC-UV/Vis | [37] |
| Urine | Urine: filtration (0.45 µm) and dilution (1 : 2) |
|
| Piroxicam | Urine | Enzymatic conjugation | Chloroform (70 µL) | Methanol (700 µL) | Espectrofotometer | [38] |
|
| Methadone | Plasma
Urine | Plasma and urine centrifugation, decantation, filtration, and dilution (1 : 20) | Chloroform (250 µL) | Methanol (2500 µL) | HPLC-UV/Vis | [39] |
| Saliva | Saliva: centrifugation and dilution (1 : 100) |
| Sweat | Sweat: successive baths of ethanol (30 min each bath) |
|
| Warfarin | Plasma | Precipitation with trichloroacetic acid (10%), refrigeration (4°C/20 min), and dilution | 1-Octanol (150 µL) | Methanol (150 µL) | HPLC-UV/Vis | [40] |
|
| Opium alkaloids | Urine | Centrifugation, filtration, and dilution | Chloroform (88 µL) | Acetone (1000 µL) | HPLC-UV/Vis | [41] |
|
| Five antiarrhythmic drugs | Plasma | Precipitation with acetonitrile | Dichloromethane (100 µL) | Acetonitrile (1340 µL) | HPLC-UV/Vis | [42] |
|
| Benzodiazepines | Plasma | Precipitation with acetonitrile | Chloroform (220 µL) | Acetonitrile (3200 µL) | HPLC-UV/Vis | [43] |
|
| Efavirenz | Plasma | Sulfosalicylic acid (4%) | Chloroform (100 µL) | Acetonitrile (1300 µL) | HPLC-UV/Vis | [44] |
|
