Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction of Bismuth in Various Samples and Determination by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Table 3

Comparison of the characteristic data between recently published works for bismuth.

Enrichment method	Using reagent	System	DL (µg L^−1)	RSD (%)	PF	Ref.
CPE	Dithizone, Triton X-114	ET-AAS	0.02	4.3, , 0.3 µg L^−1	196	[9]
CPE	8-Hydroxyquinoline, Triton X-114	FI-ICP-AES	0.12	2.3,	81	[12]
CPE	Bromopyrogallol red (BPR); Triton X-114	UV-VİS	2	2.41, , 50 µg L^−1	20	[35]
RS-CPE	Dithizone, Triton X-100, and octanol	FAAS	4	4.2, , 500 µg L^−1	43	[29]
Sequential injection	Methylthymol blue (MTB)	Spectrophotometer	250	1.1, , 50 mg L^−1	—	[40]
FI-LLE	Tetraphenylarsonium chloride, chloroform	UV-VİS	1.5⋅10^−6 M	1.6, , 3⋅10^−5 M	—	[37]
DLLME	2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(diethyl amino) phenol, acetone, and dichlorobenzene	FAAS	3	1.5, , 0.4 mg L^−1	28	[36]
DLLME	Crystal violet, ethanol, and chloroform	FAAS	4	3, , 0.2 mg L^−1	74	This work

PF: preconcentration factor, DL: detection limit, RSD: relative standard deviation, Ref.: reference, ET: electrothermal, ICP-AES: inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, FI: flow injection, RS: rapidly synergistic.