Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

Table 2

Electroanalytical applications of ETPGEs.

Compound	Technique	Linear range (μM)	LD (μM)	Sample	Ref.
Alkylphenols	DPV			Water	[50]
4-Nonylphenol		1.20–94	0.420
4-Octylphenol		0.6–78	0.250
4-tert-Octylphenol		2.38–243	0.770
4-Aminophenazone; Caffeine	DPV	1–11; 1–9	0.0796; 0.00981	Real samples	[98]
Benzo(a)pyrene	SWSV	0.25–1.25	0.027	Spiked human urine	[99]
Bisphenol A	AdDPSV	0.05–5; 5–10	0.0031	Tape and river water	[54]
Boron	DPV	280–12000	84	Water, steel	[4]
Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin	AdSWSV	0.016–0.32; 0.0033–0.33	0.0037; 0.00091	Turkish pepper	[25]
Chlorpromazine	DPV	0.35–35	0.2	Human plasma, urine	[22]
Cinchocaine hydrochloride	DPV: ox; red; SWV: ox; red	1.5–18; 1.3–13.6; 1–11; 1.3–17.7	0.664; 0.458; 0.452; 0.483	Spiked human urine	[58]
Dopamine	ATSDPV	0.01–5.0	0.00031	Blood serum	[21]
Dopamine; Uric acid	DPV	0.15–15; 0.3–150	0.033; 0.12	Pharmaceuticals, body fluids	[2]
Gluten	DPV	20–100	7.11	Flour, vinegar, baker’s yeast	[56]
Indole-3-acetic acid; Kinetin	SWV	0.5–2; 2.5–10	0.14; 0.11	Maize plant extracts	[100]
Methamphetamine	DPV	0.074–54	0.05	Human serum, urine	[101]
Morphine	DPV, Amp	1–100	0.26	Human urine, street drug samples	[102]
Nalbuphine hydrochloride	DPV; SWV	16–150	6.38; 11.3	Spiked urine, pharmaceuticals	[103]
α-Naphthol	LSASV	0.01–2.0	0.0015	Water	[47]
Nicotine	SWV	7.6–107.5	2.0	Cigarettes	[53]
Paracetamol	ATSDPV	0.05–2.5	0.0025	Blood serum	[57]
Phenol	SWV	0.05–1	0.00417	Water	[104]
Phenol, m-cresol	DPV	40–320	0.120	Insulin formulations	[9]
Quercetin	DPASV	0.001–1.5	0.0003	Cranberry, blackcurrant juices	[105]
Tannic acid	DPASV	0.005–0.5	0.0015	Beverages	[51]
Uric acid	DPV	0.05–10	0.0015	Body fluids	[106]
Uric acid	DPV	1–160	0.19	Human serum, urine	[107]
Vitamin C	Amp	1–100	1.18	Human plasma	[69]

In solution: SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) < critical micellar concentration; ng·mL⁻¹; µg·mL⁻¹; SWSV: square wave stripping voltammetry; AdDPSV: adsorptive differential pulse stripping voltammetry; AdSWSV: adsorptive square wave stripping voltammetry; ox: oxidation; red: reduction; ATSDPV: adsorptive transfer stripping voltammetry differential pulse voltammetry; LSASV: linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry; DPASV: differential pulse anodic striping voltammetry. All the other abbreviations are like those in Table 1.