Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

Table 4

PGE used in tandem with separation techniques.

Compound	PGE modifier	Technique	Linear range (μM)	LD (μM)	Sample	Ref.
D-, L- Aspartic acid	MIP	MIP-SPME-DPASV	0.6–10; 0.1–10	0.180; 0.032	Blood serum, cerebrospinal fluid	[184]
Buprenorphine	MWCNTs	PTFE-LPME-; DPV	0.000001–0.000109; 0.000109–0.11	0.0000006	Human urine and plasma	[185]
Clozapine	—	EME-DPV	3–1500	0.9	Human plasma	[71]
Epinephrine	MIP/MWCNTs-NHPM	MI-MSPE-DPASV	0.005–8	0.002	Cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, pharmaceutics	[186]
Flutamide	SDS-modified; silica film	DPV	0.0001–0.1; 0.1–100	0.000034	Human urine and plasma	[187]
Insulin	RuO2-GO nanocomposite	DPV	0.0008–0.02; 0.02–1.00	0.000024	Blood, urine	[188]
D-, L- Methionine	EC-MIP/MWCNTs-COOH	MI-MSPE-; DPCSV	0.03–30.00	0.0098	Pharmaceuticals, human blood plasma	[189]
Tramadol	RGO	EM-SPME-; LSV	0.01–0.50; 0.50–50	0.003	Urine	[190]

ng mL⁻¹; µg mL⁻¹; MI(P): molecularly imprinted (polymer); SPME: solid phase microextraction; PTFE: polytetrafluorethylene; LPME: liquid three-phase microextraction; EM(E): electromembrane (extraction); MI-MSPE: MI-micro-solid-phase extraction; SDS: sodium dodecyl sulphate; (R)GO; (reduced) graphene oxide; EC-MIP: electrochemically synthesized-MIP. All the other abbreviations are like those in the previous tables.