Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Review Article

Determination of Heavy Metal Ions and Organic Pollutants in Water Samples Using Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid-Modified Sorbents

Table 2

Determination of heavy metal ions in real water samples using IL.


Ions	Sample	Used ILs	Analysis condition	Operation method	Added (μg/L)	Found (μg/L)	Recovery (%)	Type of interference ions	Ref.

Co²⁺	Tap, lake, and rain water (5.0 mL)	25.0 mg of [HMIM][BF₄] with 80.0 mg of NaPF₆	R.T.; FAAS	ISFME	0.0–50.0	0.0–71.1	94.1–101.4	Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, Br⁻, and Cu²⁺	[41]

Co²⁺	Mineral, tap, and river water (10.0 mL)	64.0 mg of [HMIM][PF₆] with 5.0 mg of [HMIM][Tf₂N]	35°C; FAAS	DLLME	0.0–100.0	0.0–100.9	98.0–102.5	Ag⁺, Hg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Rh²⁺, Sn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cr³⁺, HPO₄²⁻, CO₃²⁻, NO₃⁻, H₂PO₄⁻, F⁻, SO₄²⁻, and PO₄³⁻	[44]

Cd²⁺	Lake and waste water (15.0 mL)	100.0 μL of [BMIM][PF₆] with 0.01% PAN	R.T.; FAAS	DLLME	0.0–20.0 × 10⁶	13.2–37.1 × 10⁶	97.6–101.0	Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺	[62]

Cr⁴⁺	Mineral, sea, and river water (10.0 mL)	150.0 μL of [BMIM][BF₄] and 0.3 mL of DPC	R.T.; FAAS	LLME	0.0–10.0	0.0–13.2	97.6–99.2	Li⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ag⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺, Bi3+, Al³⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Hg²⁺	[65]
Pb²⁺	Ground and surface water (10.0 mL)	125.0 μL of [BMIM][PF₆] with 1.0 mL of dithizone	50°C; FAAS	UA-ILDME	0.0–4.0	1.7–5.7	97.3–99.3	Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Cd²⁺	[66]

Ag⁺	Photographic waste, mineral, and lake water (10.0 mL)	60.0 μL of [HMIM][BF₄] with 7.5 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L of TMK	0°C; UV-Vis	M-CIAME	0.0–50.0	0.0–107.3	98.4–104.8	Li⁺, Na⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Al³⁺, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Pd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺, Cr⁴⁺, Bi³⁺, Fe³⁺, and Hg²⁺	[67]

Al³⁺, Ga³⁺, and In³⁺	Tap, mineral, and well water (10.0 mL)	75.0 μL of [HMIM][PF₆] with 1.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L of quinalizarine	R.T.; UV-Vis	UA-ILDME	0.0–50.0	6.7–54.3	86.0–120.5	Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺, SO₄²⁻, Pb²⁺, Ag⁺, Hg²⁺, Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Cu²⁺	[68]

Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺	Tap and mineral water (10.0 mL)	65.0 mg of [HMIM][Tf₂N] with 1.0 × 10⁻³ mol/L PAN	R.T.; UV-Vis	DLLME	0.0–10.0	0.0–14.5	94.0–102.0	Na⁺, K⁺, Ag⁺, F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, PO₄³⁻, SCN⁻, CH₃COO⁻, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cr³⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺, Sb³⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pd²⁺, and Fe²⁺	[69]

Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺	Tap, river, and well water (15.0 mL)	120.0 μL of [BMIM][PF₆], [HMIM][PF₆] and [OMIM][PF₆] with 0.4 mg of APDC	R.T.; FAAS	UA-MR- il-DLLME	0.0–15.0	0.0–18.9	97.1–101.6	Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cl⁻, and SO₄²⁻	[70]

Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Pb²⁺	River and lake water (15.0 mL)	Cyphos IL 104	R.T.; LC	IL-UADLLME-SAP	0.2–62.4	0.3–15.3	97.0–102.0	—	[71]

Ag⁺, As³⁺, Cd²⁺, Cr³⁺, Cu²⁺, Hg⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, Pt⁴⁺, Sn²⁺, and Zn²⁺	Communal and industrial wastewater (20.0 mL)	120.0 μL of 8 ILs	20°C; LC-MS	LLME	(Extraction efficiency: 5.0–100.0)			—	[72]

R.T.: room temperature; FAAS : flame atomic absorption spectrometer; LC-MS : liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.