Determination of Heavy Metal Ions and Organic Pollutants in Water Samples Using Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid-Modified Sorbents

Table 4

Preparation methods of IL-modified sorbents.

Substrate	Used IL	Preparation process	Method	Ref.
Graphene, CNT	(BMP)[Tf2N]	Impregnation	57.0% graphite powder, 14.0% (BMP)[Tf2N], 10.0% MWCNTs and 13.0% macrocyclic ligand, and 6.0% paraffin oil (weight ratio)	[94]
Activated carbon	TOMAS		0.18 g of PSAC and 0.12 g of TOMAS	[95]
Three resins	Cyphos IL 101		0.5 g of Cyphos IL 101, 1.0 g of amberlite XAD-4, XAD-16, and XAD-1180, mixing in 5.0 mL of ethanol for 6 h	[96]
XAD-4	(BMP)[Tf2N]		1.0 g of XAD-4 and 100.0 μL of (BMP)[Tf2N], mixing in 100.0 mL acetone for 12 h at RT	[100]
Silica	[NH2EBIM][PF6]		3.0 mL of [NH2EBIM][PF6] and 10.0 g of silica, mixing in methanol for 2.5 h	[108]
Silica	[EMIM][Tf2N], [OMIM][Tf2N]		10.0 g of Sil-NH2, 5.0 mL of [EMIM][Tf2N], or 7.2 g of [OMIM][Tf2N], mixing in toluene at room temperature (RT)	[110]
Graphene, CNT	[BMIM][PF6]		20.0% [BMIM][PF6], 18.0% ionophore, 49.0% graphite powder, 10.0% MWCNT, and 3.0% nanosilica (weight ratio)	[116]
Graphene oxide	[BMIM][PF6]		500.0 μL of [BMIM][PF6] and 15.0 mg of MGO, mixing for 30.0 min	[117]
Graphene oxide	[HMIM]Gly		0.1 g of IL and 0.1 g of Fe-GO, mixing in 10 mL of methyl alcohol for 2 h	[118]
MOF	[BMIM]Cl		0.5 g of [BMIM]Cl and 10.0 mL of MIL-100(Fe), mixing in aqueous solution for 15 h at RT	[126]
Silica	[ClPr][Tf2N]	Chemical modification	2.0 g of [ClPr][Tf2N], 6.0 g of silica, 5.0 ml of tetraethoxysilane, and 1.0 ml of 25.0% aqueous ammonia solution, mixing in 60.0 mL of toluene at 25°C for 5 h	[105]
Silica	[CNC3MIM][Tf2N]		20.0 g of silica and 20.0 mL of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, reacting in 150.0 mL of toluene	[119]
			5.0 g of the aminated silica and 3.0 g of [CNC3MIM][Tf2N], reacting in 100.0 mL of toluene
β-CD	[BIM][TDI]		First, β-CD (10.0 mmol) and Ts2O (15.0 mmol) mixing in 250.0 mL of water at RT for 2 h. Second, β-CDOT (78.0 mmol) and BIM (7.8 mmol) reacting at 90°C	[127]
			Third, 1.0 g of βCD-BIMOT stirred with TDI (10.0 mol) at 70°C for 24 h
Silica	[BMIM]Br		400.0 mg of silica and 462.3 mg of [C4MIM]Br, reacting in 50.0 mL methanol at 30°C for 4 h	[128]
			1.9 mL of ethylene dimethacrylate and 10.0 mg of azobisisobutyronitrile were added and shaked at 60°C for 24 h
MIPIL	3-(Anthracen-9-ylmethyl)-1-vinyl-1h-imidazol-3-ium chloride		1-vinylimidazole (0.94 g) and 9-chloromethylanthracene (1.133 g), reacting in acetonitrile (30 mL) at 70°C for 12 h. Then, the obtained IL monomer (64 mg), EGDMA (198 mg), p-NA (7 mg), and AIBN reacting at 60°C for 12 h	[129]
MIP	[VBIM]Cl		CS (1.5 mmol), [VBIM]Cl (3.6 mmol), EDMA (8.0 mmol), and AIBN (20.0 mg), reacting in 2.5 mL N,N-dimethylformamide and 4.0 mL toluene and 1.0 mL methanol at 60°C for 24 h	[130]