Determination of Heavy Metal Ions and Organic Pollutants in Water Samples Using Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid-Modified Sorbents

Table 5

Adsorption of pollutants in real water samples by IL-modified sorbents.

Pollution	Source of water samples	Analytical method	Added (μg/L)	Found (μg/L)	Recovery (%)	LOD (μg/L)	RSD (%)	Ref.
Hg^2+	Sea and waste	Potentiometer	0.0–0.08	0.02–0.1	98.6–103.2	0.008	2.8	[94]
Cd^2+	Drinking	Potentiometer	1.4 × 10^7	—	97.8–104.6	14.4	1.6–3.2	[95]
Hg^2+	Mineral, tap, and river	SPE	0.0–1.0	0.03–1.1	96.2–103.0	2.3 × 10^−3	2.7	[105]
Cd^2+	Tap and lake	SPE	0.0–1.0	0.0–1.2	97.0–104.0	8.9 × 10^−3	2.3	[108]
Cd^2+	Tap and waste	Adsorption in vitro	1.0–2.0 × 10^3	—	97.8–98.8	—	—	[110]
Pb^2+	Tap, river, and waste	Potentiometer	26.7–1.3 × 10^4	24.9–1.6 × 10^4	95.0–102.0	0.4	<1.0	[116]
Cu^2+, Co^2+, Cr^2+, Ni^2+, Zn^2+, and Cd^2+	Waste, river, and mineral	Adsorption in vitro	20.0	19.1–91.0	90.5–107.5	0.1–1.0	<3.2	[117]
Al^3+, Cr^3+, Cu^2+, and Pb^2+	Lake and waste	Adsorption in vitro	0.0–100.0	0.0–170.9	88.4–117.8	0.5–30.0 × 10^−3	1.4–6.0	[118]
Pb^2+ and Cd^2+	Tap, domestic, and industrial	Adsorption	2.0–12.0 × 10^3	1.1–19.2 × 10^3	97.4–99.8	—	—	[119]
DBP	River and canal	Adsorption in vitro	1.0–10.0	—	80.0–87.0	0.15	4.3–7.8	[96]
4-CP	Drinking, ground, lake, sea, and waste	Adsorption in vitro	25.0–75.0 × 10^3	0.5–8.5 × 10^3	88.6–98.1	9.8 × 10^3	—	[100]
12 PAHs	Mineral, river, and sea	SPE	2.0–20.0	1.9–20.1	97.0–103.5	2.0–5.5 × 10^−3	3.0–4.9	[126]
6 phenols	Tap and river	SPE	0.5–1.0 × 10^3	—	87.0–116.3	0.2–0.4	1.0–3.4	[127]
2,4-DCP, BPA, and 2,4-DNP	Industrial, dyeing, textile, river, and plant effluent	SPE	6.0–500.0	—	71.1–115.7	—	1.1–11.3	[128]
p-NA	River, tap, and lake	Adsorption in vitro	5.0–45.0 × 10^3	—	89.0–114.0	—	—	[129]
CS	Surface	SPE	1.0–5.0	—	81.0–110.1	1.0 × 10^−3	1.2–7.6	[130]