Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Craft Villages and Industrial Environments of Vietnam

Table 4

Comparison between concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in surface water samples in Vietnam and other countries.

Location	Sample type	Concentration (ng/L)		Reference
		PFOS	PFOA
Vietnam-craft villages
Phong Khe (Bac Ninh) (15)	Surface water in drainage canals, rivers	0.23–3.90 (1.66)	3.15–27.4 (4.97)	Present study
Nhu Quynh (Hung Yen) (15)	Surface water in drainage canals, ponds, river	1.83–7.36 (2.97)	2.00–8.61 (4.03)	Present study
Hoi Quan (Bac Ninh) (15)	Surface water in drainage canals, ponds, river	<0.19–1.00 (0.38)	3.27–4.66 (3.20)	Present study
Ha Tay (Ha Noi) (15)	Surface water in drainage canals, ponds, river	<0.19–3.91 (<0.19)	0.83–3.48 (2.04)	Present study
Vietnam-big cities
Hanoi, Da Nang, Hue, and Ho Chi Minh cities (28)	River water	<0.05–5.30 (0.27)	0.09–18 (0.78)	[18]
Vietnam – great rivers flow through cities, rural areas
Red river (4)	River water	<0.05–0.04 (0.01)	0.13–0.4 (0.32)	[25]
Dong Nai River and Saigon River (10)	River water	<0.03–1.62 (0.27)	<0.37–6.39 (1.39)	[25]
Mekong River (12)	River water	<0.03–1.06 (0.13)	<0.37–0.85 (0.50)	[25]
Day River (10)	River water	<0.1	0.55–2.01 (1.38)	Present study
Thailand	River water	ND–33.6	ND–36.8	[23]
Malaysia	River water	0.03–27.80	0.05–18.90	[23]
Korea	River water	0.83–15.07	0.56–8.34	[26]
Japan
Tokyo Bay	Coastal sea water	0.78–17.0	2.70–63.0	[24]
Yodo River	River water	0.56–67.4	6.63–21.6	[23]
Kin Ki River	River water	0.27–13.2	0.43–29.9	[23]
Singapore	Coastal sea water	0.37–26.5	0.72–184	[23]
China
Taihu lake	Lake river	10.6–36.7	3.6–394	[27]
Liao River	River water	ND–27.9	ND–6.6	[27]
Guangzhou River	River water	0.85–13	0.90–99	[28]
Hanjiang River	River water	ND–88.9	ND–256	[29]

ND: no detection.