Occurrence, Distribution, and Ecological Risk Assessment of Antibiotics in Selected Urban Lakes of Hanoi, Vietnam

Table 3

Concentrations of antibiotics detected in surface water from two lakes in comparison with other rivers and lakes in other studies.

Class	Antibiotics	In this study				In other studies
		West Lake (n = 10)		Yen So Lake (n = 14)
		Range (ng/L)	Mean (ng/L)	Range (ng/L)	Mean (ng/L)	Range (ng/L)	Region	References
SAs	SMX	4.54–25.04	7.51	12.86–806.5	178.9	<LOD-652.7	Spain	[25]
						3.6–1,435	France	[26]
						1.12–13.28	China	[27]
						108–3,508	Vietnam	[8]
						<LOD-480	Germany	[28]
QNs	OFL	28.18–40.9	33.20	26.96–158.7	73.62	12–360	Latin America	[29]
						74.6–308.4	China	[30]
						8–1,904	Spain	[31]
	CIP	0.23–3.37	0.72	<LOD-6.05	1.68	<LOD-38.1	China	[30]
						<LOD-1.3	Australia	[32]
						<LOD-2.5	Brazil	[6]
	MXF	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD-20.44	11.56	34–72	China	[33]
	NOR	<LOD-0.52	0.19	<LOD-0.64	0.07	<LOD-38	Pakistan	[34]
						51	Brazil	[35]
						<LOD-210	Australia	[36]
MLs	CLR	<LOD-9.78	1.75	7.23–243	45.76	4–65	Vietnam	[8]
						0.5–130	Pakistan	[34]
						<LOD-260	Germany	[28]
	AZM	<LOD-3.28	0.56	<LOD-20.54	1.73	0.2–79.2	Singapore	[37]
						165–233.3	Iran	[38]
						<LOD-115.5	Spain	[39]
β-Ls	CFM	<LOD-575.4	57.54	<LOD-1572	87.35	278.7–422.1	Iran	[38]
						<LOD	Vietnam	[8]
	CTX	<LOD-47.16	8.93	<LOD-84.21	33.05	<LOD-0.82	China	[40]
	CEC	<LOD-301.3	51.67	<LOD-308.2	48.59	<LOD-200	Australia	[32]
						<LOD-0.97	China	[40]
β-Ls	CFX	<LOD-0.68	0.23	<LOD-19.09	2.03	<LOD-133	Brazil	[6]
						122–460	Iran	[38]
						26.8–2,000	Australia	[36]
	CDX	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD-1.52	0.10	<LOD-18.25	Egypt	[41]
	AMX	<LOD-221.3	51.83	<LOD-104	17.36	<LOD-1,126	Vietnam	[8]
						63–97.4	Iran	[38]
						<LOD-2.7	Ghana	[42]
						1.9–25.2	Italy	[43]
	AMP	<LOD-70.14	39.09	<LOD-81.76	28.49	21–184	Ghana	[42]
						<LOD	Vietnam	[8]
TMs	TMP	0.65–3.14	1.11	6.55–67.90	13.27	<LOD-92.7	Spain	[39]
						<LOD-130	Australia	[32]
						2.4–252	UK	[5]
						0.4–1,700	Pakistan	[34]
						17–820	Ghana	[42]

Abbreviations. n: number of collected samples; LOD: limit of detection.