Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Vietnamese Rice: Assessment of Human Exposure to These Elements through Rice Consumption

Table 2

Comparison of the mean and range concentration of heavy metals in the analysed rice samples with data available from some previous studies.

Elements	Vietnamese white rice (n = 70)		Vietnamese white rice (n = 31) [5]		Korean white rice (n = 40) [27]		Chinese white rice [28–30]		Thai white rice (n = 12) [31]		Australian white rice (n = 21) [27, 31]
	Mean	Min-max	Mean	Min-max	Mean	Min-max	Mean	Min-max	Mean	Min-max	Mean	Min-max
As	0.115	0.052–0.328	0.208	0.032–0.465	0.247	0.104–0.774	0.241	0.129–0.434	—	—	—	—
Cd	0.109	0.05–0.480	0.08	<0.003–0.048	0.174	0.010–0.980	0.283	0.013–2.066	0.013	0.006–0.018	0.008	0.007–0.017
Co	0.275	DL-1.369	0.007	0.006–0.008	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.021	0.007–0.042
Cr	0.304	DL-1.223	—	—	—	—	0.571	0.019–4.583	—	—	0.413	0.061–0.743
Cu	3.138	0.118–7.754	2.6	1.1–5.8	4.69	2.00–29.6	2.013	0.298–3.958	3.5	2.0–6.8	2.9	1.0–9.4
Fe	14.615	7.052–47.134	6.5	4.6–11.2	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Hg	0.007	DL-0.011	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mn	19.19	7.444–42.650	9.9	5.9–16.3	—	—	17.314	2.629–33.049	7.9	6.2–10.0	24.4	9.2–51.7
Ni	0.384	LOD-1.243	0.869	0.1–2.022	—	—	1.332	0.015–7.352	—	—	0.166	0.0.061–0.356
Pb	0.075	0.03–0.177	0.002	—	0.804	0.010–3.34	0.145	0.009–1.959	0.419	0.096–0.921	0.375	0.002–1.248
Se	<DL	<DL	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Zn	8.155	5.341–11.653	—	—	16.8	7.28–38.0	6.995	16.043–98.771	17.8	14.1–22.4	17.1	10.9–24.5

Data analysed in this study. DL: detection limit. n: number of rice samples, concentration unit: mg kg⁻¹ dry weight.