Advanced Solid-Phase Microextraction Techniques and Related Automation: A Review of Commercially Available Technologies

Figure 1

Timeline of the principal solid-phase microextraction techniques developed in recent years (SPME: solid-phase microextraction; FFA: fast fit assemblies; OC: overcoated; NIT: nitinol-core; NTME: needle trap microextraction; MEPS: microextraction by packed sorbent; ITEX: in-tube extraction; CBS: coated blade spray; TF: thin film).