Application of NAD⁺-Dependent Electrochemical Dehydrogenase Biosensors in Human Physiological Fluids: Opportunities and Challenges

Table 1

Enzyme immobilization schemes and analytical performance of electrochemical dehydrogenase sensors in human physiological fluids.

Sensing scheme	Target	Limit of detection	Linear range	Response time	Storage stability (days)	Sample	Immobilization	Ref
HBDH/SWCNT/SPCE;	3-HB	0.009 mM	0.10–2.00 mM	40 s	180	Serum	Physical adsorption	[14]
HBDH/NAD^+/SWCNT/SPCE;	3-HB	0.009 mM	0.01–0.10 mM	40 s	180	Serum	Physical adsorption	[15]
3a-HSD/MWCNTs/OPPF6/NAD^+;	Androsterone	0.15 μM	0.50–10.00 μM	—	6	Serum	Physical adsorption	[16]
PheDH/PAD/rGO/SPCE;	Phenylalanine	0.20 μM	1.00–600.00 μM	60 s	60	Blood	Physical adsorption	[17]
GLUD/rGO-Aunano/GCE;	α-KG	9.20 μM	66.70–494.50 μM	—	—	Serum	Physical adsorption	[13]
NADH/LDH/Nano-CeO2/GCE;	Lactate	50.00 μM	0.20–2.00 mM	<4 s	12	Blood	Physical adsorption	[18]
LDH/Au/EVIMC/TiNTs/PANI;	Lactate	0.165 μM	0.55–5.50 μM/5.50–3330.00 μM	8 s	30	Serum	Physical adsorption	[19]
PRODH/Fe3O4/MCM-41/nPrNH2/GCE;	L-proline	0.006 μM	0.01–0.15 μM	—	—	Blood	Physical adsorption	[11]
LDH/NAD^+/pTTCA/MWNTCOOH/gold electrode;	Lactate	1.00 μM	5.00–90.00 μM	10 s	30	Serum	Covalent bonding	[20]
Fe3O4/MWNTCOOH/LDH/NAD^+/GCE;	Lactate	5.00 μM	50.00–500.00 μM	—	—	Serum	Covalent bonding	[21]
FDH/MWNT-COOH/PBA/AuSPE;	HCHO	6.00 ppb	10.00 ppb–10.00 ppm	—	1.25	Urine	Covalent bonding	[12]
SHL/HBDH/PCS/teflon membrane;	3-HB	3.90 μM	8.00–800.00 μM	2 s	20	Serum	Entrapment	[22]
LDH/rGO-AuNPs/SPCE;	Lactate	0.13 μM	0.01–5.00 mM	8 s	25	Serum	Entrapment	[23]
ADH/NAD^+/MDB/GMCs/CS/SPCE;	Ethanol	80.00 μM	0.50–15.00 mM	5 s	40	Blood	Entrapment	[24]
ADH/MADQUAT/SWCNT-rGO/GCE;	Ethanol	0.16 μM	5.00–400.00 μM	—	—	Blood	Entrapment	[25]
URS/GLDH/N-DNW;	Urea	3.87 mg/dL	10.00–100.00 mg/dL	10 s	30	Urine	Cross-linking (EDC/NHS)	[26]
GDH/GDI/CS/CNT/GCE;	Glucose	3.00 μM	5.00–300.00 μM	5 s	8	Urine	Cross-linking (GA)	[27]
BSS/β-HSD/NHO/Nation/Pt;	Bile acid	—	2.00–100.00 μM	5 min	28	Urine	Cross-linking (GA)	[28]
ADH/NAD^+/MDB/Nation/SPCE;	Ethanol	11.00 μM	−5.00 mM	30 s	30	Serum	Cross-linking (GA)	[29]
ADH/Ru(bpy)3^2+/rGO/BSA/GCE;	Ethanol	0.10 μM	1.00–2000.00 μM	—	30	Serum	Cross-linking (GA)	[30]

1-ethyl-3-vinylimidazolium chloride, EVIMC; glutaric dialdehyde, GDI; mobile crystalline material 41, MCM-41; n-propylamine, nPrNH₂; octylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate, OPPF6; polyaniline, PANI; and titania nanotubes, TiNTs.