Application of NAD⁺-Dependent Electrochemical Dehydrogenase Biosensors in Human Physiological Fluids: Opportunities and Challenges

Table 2

Electrochemical dehydrogenase sensors comparison: detection mechanism and performance.

Sensing scheme/target	Target	Limit of detection	Linear range	Response time	Storage stability (days)	Sample	Electron mediators	Ref
ADH/NAD^+/Nafion/AuNP/MDB/SPCE;	Ethanol	16 μM	2.00–8.00 mM	40 s	30	Serum	MDB	[38]
GLDH/NAD^+/MWCNTs/CS/MDB/SPCE;	Glutamate	—	—	—	—	Serum	MDB	[6]
1,10-PQ/NAD^+/HBDH/SPCE;	3-HB	—	0.00–6.00 mM	<30 s	540	Blood	1,10-PQ	[39]
1,10-PD/NAD^+/HBDH/EPAD;	3-HB	0.30 mM	0.10–6.00 mM	—	—	Blood	1,10-PQ	[40]
Ir^4+/SPCE;	TG	—	0.00–10.00 mM	—	—	Serum	Ir^4+	[41]
HBDH/NAD^+/Fe(CN)6^3−/CMC/SPCE;	3-HB	—	1.50–550.00 mg/L	50 s	60	Serum	Fe(CN)6^3−	[42]
SPCE;	Bile acid	—	5.0–400.0 μM		—	Serum	—	[43]
SPCE;	Bile acid	0.40 pM	5.00–150.00 pmol/L	—	—	Serum	Ru(bpy)3^2+	[4]
SH/Tyrosinase/PheDH/CPE;	L-Phenylalanine	5.00 μM	20.00–150.00 μM	45–60 s	11	Serum and blood	Catechol	[44]
rGO/PhNHOH/GCE;	Lactate	2.50 μM	−90.00 μM	23 s	—	Serum	PhNHOH	[45]
HBDH/THI/rGO/SPCE;	3-HB	1.00 μM	0.010–0.40 mM	7 s	20	Serum	THI	[46]
LIP/GDH/TB/ERGO/ITO;	TG	0.18 mM	50.00–400.00 mg/dL	12 s	112	Serum	TB	[47]