Physical Activity and Hip Fracture Disability: A Review

Table 2

Selected findings spanning a 20-year period describing various intrinsic factors other than age and bone mass as potential hip fracture determinants and showing a high percentage implicate neuromuscular factors*. (Level evidence: I–V refers to study quality as outlined by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine.)

Author and year	Type evidence	Level evidence	Hip fracture determinants
Cummings and Nevitt, [90], 1989	Expert opinion	V	Neuromuscular dysfunction*
Cummings et al. [84], 1995	Prospective study	II	Poor vision, weakness*
Sihvonen et al. [100], 1994	Theoretical model	V	Prior falls, low body mass
Lauritzen [56], 1997	Review	III	Deficient soft tissue covering hip falls, poor protective responses*
Slemenda et al. [93], 1997	Review	III	Neuromuscular impairment*
			Fall mechanics
Dargent-Molina et al. [94], 1999	Prospective study	II	Walking speed, poor mobility*
Fitzpatrick et al. [88], 2001	Case control study	III	Factors related to falls*
			Health perceptions
			Low mental health score
Nguyen et al. [92], 2005	Prospective study	II	Postural instability, muscle weakness*
			Falls history, prior fracture
Mussolino [78], 2005	Prospective study	II	Depression
Rojanasthien and Luevitoonvechki [101], 2005	Prospective study	II	Comorbidities, prior fracture
Holmberg et al. [102], 2005	Prospective study	II	Diabetes, poor self-rated health
Wilson et al. [103], 2006	Prospective study	II	Poor physical function inability to lift 10 lbs*
Has et al. [104], 2006	Prospective study	II	Instability, muscle weakness*
Abrahamsen et al. [105], 2007	Case-control study	III	Prostate cancer and therapy
Kulmala et al. [106], 2007	Cross-sectional study	III	Balance confidence/function*
Robbins et al. [107], 2007	Observational study	III	Poor health, prior fracture, smoking, diabetes self-reported physical activity*
Looker and Mussolino [108], 2008	Cross sectional study	III	Vitamin D insufficiency
Sihvonen et al. [100], 2009	Cross sectional study	III	Postural instability*
Lang et al. [96], 2010	Cross sectional study	III	Reduced amount of lean tissue of thigh muscle*
Jokinen et al. [98], 2010	Prospective study	II	Low functional mobility*