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| | | | | | | Associationsb |
Reference | Sample Size | Location | Age range or mean (SD) | Neighborhood definition (n units) | Built environment measuresa | Outcomes | Expected direction | Unexpected direction | Null |
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Beard et al., 2009 [40] | 937,857 | New York, New York | 65+ | Census tracts (2,138) | Mixed land use | Disability | | | X |
| | | | | Neighborhood decay | Disability | | | X |
| | | | | Through routes | Disability | | | X |
| | | | | Poor street characteristics | Disability | X | | |
Berke et al., 2007 [35] | 1967 | Seattle, Washington | 65–97 | 100, 500, or 1000 meters from homes | Walkability index including residential and commercial density | Walking | Xd | | |
Brown et al., 2008 [26] | 273 | Miami, Florida | Mean = 78.5 (NR) | Participant’s block | Front entrance characteristicsc | Physical functioning after 24 months | X | | |
Clarke & George, 2005 [39] | 4154 | North Carolina | Mean = 73.55 (6.72) | Census tracts (95) | Housing density | Disability | Xe | | |
| | | | | Land use diversity | | Xe | | |
Clarke et al., 2009 [25] | 1821 | USA | Results for: 65–74 and 75+ | Census tracts (1821) | Population density | Increase in walking difficulty over 15 years | | | X |
| | | | | Non-automobile commuters | | Xf | | |
Fisher et al., 2004 [34] | 582 | Portland, Oregon | 64–94; Mean = 73.99 (6.25) | City defined neighborhoods (56) | Parks | Walking | X | | |
Frank et al., 2010 [3] | 1970 | Atlanta, Georgia | 65+ | 1 kilometer from homes | Walkability index including land use mix, residential density and street connectivity | Walking | X | | |
Gomez et al., 2010 [29] | 1886 | Bogotá, Columbia | 60–98; Mean= 70.7 (7.7) | Researcher defined by SES (50) | Lives in weekend pedestrian-only corridor | Walking | X | | |
| | | | | Transit stops | | | | X |
| | | | | Parks | | | | X |
| | | | | Connectivity | | | X | |
Hall & McAuley, 2010 [38] | 128 | Illinois | Mean = 69.8 (5.89) | 1 kilometer from homes | Paths | Walking | X | | |
| | | | | Parks | | | | X |
| | | | | Recreation areas | | | | X |
| | | | | Exercise/gym facilities | | | | X |
| | | | | Schools | | | | X |
King, 2008 [36] | 190 | Denver, Colorado | Mean = 74.2 (5.8) | City defined neighborhoods (8) | Sidewalk functionalityc | Walking | | | X |
| | | | | Safety from trafficc | | X | | |
| | | | | Aestheticsc | | X | | |
| | | | | Destinationsc | | | | X |
Lee et al., 2009 [27] | 4997 | USA | Mean=70 (NR) | County (448) | Sprawl | Walking—cross-sectional analysis | X | | |
| | | | | | Increase in walking over 5 years | | | X |
Li et al., 2005 [33] | 582 | Portland, Oregon | Mean = 74 (6.3) | City defined neighborhoods (56) | Residential households | Walking | X | | |
| | | | | Places of employment | | X | | |
| | | | | Street intersections | | X | | |
| | | | | Green space and recreational facilities | | X | | |
Michael et al., 2006 [32] | 105 | Portland, Oregon | Mean = 75.1 (6.3) | City defined neighborhoods (10) | Shopping mall | Walking | X | | |
| | | | | Trails | | | | X |
| | | | | Sidewalk presencec | | | | X |
| | | | | Sidewalk conditionc | | | | X |
| | | | | Graffiti/vandalismc | | | | X |
Michael et al., 2010 [28] | 422 | Portland, Oregon | Median = 74 | 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 mile from homes | Parks | Increase in walking over 3–6 year follow-up | Xg | | |
| | | | | Trails | | Xg | | |
| | | | | Recreational facilities | | | | X |
Nagel et al., 2008 [31] | 546 | Portland, Oregon | Mean = 74.5 (6.3) | 1/4 or 1/2 mile from homes | Automobile traffic volume | Walking | | X | |
| | | | | Sidewalk coverage | | | | X |
| | | | | Intersection frequency | | | | X |
| | | | | Public transportation access | | | | X |
| | | | | Retail establishments | | X | | |
| | | | | Park/green space | | | | X |
Patterson & Chapman, 2004 [30] | 133 | Portland, Oregon | 70–92 | Census tract (6) | New Urbanism Index including mix use, connectivity and aesthetics | Walking | X | | |
Satariano et al., 2010 [37] | 884 | 4 USA locationsh | 65+ | Within 400 meters of homes | Common destinations | Walking | | | X |
| | | | | Street connectivity | | | | X |
| | | | | Commercial/mixed use neighborhood | | | X | |
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