Relationship between Serum and Brain Carotenoids, 𝜶-Tocopherol, and Retinol Concentrations and Cognitive Performance in the Oldest Old from the Georgia Centenarian Study

Table 3

Partial correlation coefficients between cognition indices and serum carotenoids, 𝛼-tocopherol, and retinol in octogenarians and centenarians from the Georgia Centenarian Study (adjusted w/age, sex, education years, BMI, smoking, alcohol, hypertension, and diabetes, 𝑛=298).

	Mini-Mental State Exam	Global Deterioration Rating Scale	FOME^1 delayed recall	FOME; delayed recognition	FOME; delayed; retention	Controlled Oral Word Association Test	WAIS-III Similarities Subtest^2	Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale Total Score
Lutein, (trans + cis)	0.114	−0.350^a	0.177^b	0.009	0.114	0.148^c	0.244^a	0.180^b
Zeaxanthin, (trans + cis)	0.128^c	−0.236^a	0.134^c	0.069	0.146^c	0.169^b	0.184^b	0.196^b
Cryptoxanthin	0.026	−0.096	0.054	0.002	0.035	0.031	0.129^c	0.045
𝛼-Carotene	−0.014	−0.068	0.017	−0.029	0.009	0.015	0.074	0.029
𝛽-Carotene, (trans + cis)	0.072	−0.244^a	0.173^b	0.082	0.168^b	0.186^b	0.144^c	0.227^a
Lycopene, (trans + cis)	−0.014	−0.142^c	−0.017	−0.033	0.014	0.017	0.108	0.044
𝛼-Tocopherol	0.118	−0.194^b	0.097	0.097	0.145^c	0.106	0.121^c	0.200^b
Retinol	0.089	−0.078	0.113	0.022	0.105	0.006	0.045	0.116

¹FOME: Fuld Object Memory Evaluation; ²WAIS-III Similarities Subtest: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III Similarities Subtest.
Significantly related (𝑃<): ^a0.001; ^b0.01, ^c0.05.