Prevalence of Frailty Indicators and Association with Socioeconomic Status in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in a Swiss Region with Universal Health Insurance Coverage: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Participants’ characteristics by the number of frailty indicators present, Bus Santé study, Geneva, 2006–2010, = 2,930.


Participant characteristic	0 frailty indicator 63.5%	1 frailty indicator 28.7%	2 or more frailty indicators 7.8%	value*
Participant characteristic	% or mean (SE)	% or mean (SE)	% or mean (SE)	value*

Age, years, mean (SE)	57.5 (0.1)	63.0 (0.3)	68.8 (0.5)	<0.0001
Women (%)	47.8	56.1	57.8	<0.0001
Age 50–65 years (%)	87.1	57.2	24.7	<0.0001
Age ≥ 65 years (%)	12.9	42.8	75.3	<0.0001
Swiss nationality (%)	78.5	80.3	75.1	0.183
Education level (%)
Low	13.4	18.0	24.4	<0.0001
Middle	44.9	47.6	42.4
High	41.6	34.4	33.2
Household income (%)
<4999	16.6	28.8	49.0	<0.0001
5000–9499	43.5	41.5	31.0
>9500	39.9	29.7	20.1
Hypertension (%)	42.5	53.6	64.9	<0.0001
Diabetes (%)	5.8	7.5	8.8	0.069
Myocardial infarction (%)	2.1	2.9	3.6	0.170
Angina pectoris (%)	2.1	3.2	5.1	0.009
Cerebral or legs vascular obstruction (%)	2.2	3.7	5.6	0.001
Current smoker (%)	15.4	16.9	16.6	0.569
Body mass index, kg/m², mean (SE)	26.3 (0.2)	25.7 (0.2)	26.0 (1.3)	0.076
Waist-to-hip ratio, mean (SE)	0.89 (0.00)	0.88 (0.00)	0.88 (0.01)	0.326
Serum total cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (SE)	5.64 (0.02)	5.65 (0.03)	5.48 (0.06)	0.027
Serum HDL cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (SE)	1.44 (0.01)	1.46 (0.01)	1.50 (0.02)	0.045
Serum triglycerides, mmol/L, mean (SE)	1.31 (0.02)	1.34 (0.03)	1.20 (0.03)	0.009

Rao-Scott Chi-square test for dichotomous and categorical variables and tests for continuous variables.