Research Article
Optimism and Mortality in Older Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study
Table 1
Unadjusted comparison of LOT-R scores and behaviors and other covariates for men and women, Rancho Bernardo, CA, 1999–2002 (
).
| | | All () | Men () | Women () | value | | | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
| | Age (yr) | 74.1 (9.7) | 74.3 (9.3) | 74.1 (10.1) | 0.78 | | Follow-up (yr) | 8.1 (2.7) | 7.8 (2.9) | 8.3 (2.5) | 0.01 | | Alcohol use (avg g/wk) | 62.7 (78.9) | 79.6 (92.0) | 50.6 (65.4) | <0.001 | | Duration of smoking (yr) | 23.7 (15.9) | 23.7 (15.5) | 23.8 (16.2) | 0.96 | | WHR | 0.87 (0.09) | 0.95 (0.05) | 0.81 (0.06) | <0.001 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 (4.2) | 27.0 (3.7) | 25.7 (4.5) | <0.001 | | SBP (mmHg) | 139.7 (20.3) | 138.9 (20.3) | 140.3 (20.3) | 0.33 | | DBP (mmHg) | 78.2 (9.5) | 78.8 (10.1) | 77.7 (9.0) | 0.09 | | Duration HRT (yr) | — | — | 14.8 (12.3) | — | | LOT-R total | 17.1 (3.2) | 17.1 (3.3) | 17.1 (3.2) | 0.99 | | Optimism subscale | 8.5 (1.7) | 8.5 (1.7) | 8.6 (1.7) | 0.69 | | Pessimism subscale | 3.5 (1.9) | 3.4 (1.9) | 3.5 (1.9) | 0.71 |
| | | (%) | (%) | (%) | |
| | Mortality, all-cause | 198 (22.6) | 102 (27.8) | 96 (18.9) | <0.001 | | Cancer | 49 (5.6) | 24 (6.5) | 25 (4.9) | 0.85 | | CVD | 62 (7.1) | 31 (8.4) | 31 (6.1) | 0.76 | | CHD | 22 (2.5) | 16 (4.4) | 6 (1.2) | 0.04 | | HRT (ever) | — | — | 264 (51.9) | — | | Smoking status | | | | 0.003 | | Never | 394 (45.0) | 141 (38.4) | 253 (49.7) | | | Past | 446 (50.9) | 211 (57.5) | 235 (46.2) | | | Current | 36 (4.1) | 15 (4.1) | 21 (4.1) | | | Exercise ≥ 3x/wk (% yes) | 632 (72.1) | 274 (74.7) | 358 (70.3) | 0.16 | | Marital status (% yes) | 615 (70.2) | 310 (84.5) | 305 (59.9) | <0.001 | | BP low meds (% yes) | 302 (34.5) | 134 (36.5) | 168 (33.0) | 0.27 | | Angina meds (% yes) | 25 (2.9) | 19 (5.2) | 6 (1.2) | 0.001 | | Chol low meds (% yes) | 230 (26.3) | 119 (32.4) | 111 (21.8) | <0.001 | | Diabetes meds (% yes) | 40 (4.6) | 24 (6.5) | 16 (3.1) | 0.02 | | Hypertension (% yes) | 561 (64.0) | 244 (66.5) | 317 (62.3) | 0.18 | | Diabetes (% yes) | 55 (6.3) | 27 (7.4) | 28 (5.5) | 0.22 | | Heart attack (% yes) | 33 (3.7) | 17 (4.6) | 16 (3.1) | 0.17 | | TIA (% yes) | 58 (6.6) | 35 (9.5) | 23 (4.5) | 0.002 | | Stroke (% yes) | 10 (1.1) | 9 (2.5) | 1 (0.02) | 0.001 | | Angina (% yes) | 50 (5.7) | 38 (10.4) | 12 (2.4) | <0.001 | | Cancer (% yes) | 189 (21.6) | 84 (22.9) | 105 (20.6) | 0.26 |
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Reference: sex differences: -test is used for continuous variables; is used for categorical variables; bold indicates value ≤ 0.05.
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