Risk Factors for Six Types of Disability among the Older People in Thailand in 2002, 2007, and 2011

Table 4

Logistic regression over all three years (sample probability weights).

(a)

Independent variable	Any disabilities			Eating
	Coefficient	Odds ratio (95% CI)	value	Coefficient	Odds ratio (95% CI)	value
Age (years)	0.11	1.11 (1.10–1.11)	<0.001	0.09	1.09 (1.08–1.10)	<0.001
Female versus male	0.63	1.88 (1.81–1.94)	<0.001	−0.30	0.74 (0.66–0.83)	<0.001
No education versus any education	0.33	1.39 (1.32–1.45)	<0.001	0.46	1.59 (1.41–1.79)	<0.001
Inadequate versus adequate income	0.18	1.20 (1.16–1.24)	<0.001	0.26	1.29 (1.16–1.43)	<0.001
Married (couple) versus unmarried	−0.21	0.81 (0.74–0.89)	<0.001	−0.60	0.55 (0.42–0.72)	<0.001
Married (not together) versus unmarried	−0.07	0.93 (0.85–1.02)	0.146	−0.53	0.59 (0.45–0.77)	<0.001
Living with others versus alone	0.11	1.12 (1.05–1.19)	<0.001	0.68	1.96 (1.54–2.51)	<0.001
Did not work in the past 7 days	0.97	2.64 (2.54–2.75)	<0.001	1.64	5.15 (4.10–6.47)	<0.001
Any chronic disease	0.57	1.77 (1.71–1.83)	<0.001	1.16	3.19 (2.85–3.56)	<0.001
Rural versus urban	0.02	1.02 (0.98–1.06)	0.316	−0.26	0.77 (0.69–0.87)	<0.001
Bangkok versus South	0.21	1.23 (1.14–1.33)	<0.001	−0.04	0.96 (0.79–1.18)	0.719
Central versus South	0.13	1.14 (1.08–1.21)	<0.001	−0.01	0.99 (0.84–1.16)	0.896
North versus South	0.33	1.39 (1.31–1.48)	<0.001	−0.58	0.56 (0.46–0.67)	<0.001
Northeast versus South	0.34	1.40 (1.32–1.48)	<0.001	−0.27	0.76 (0.64–0.90)	0.002
Year 2007 versus 2002	−0.58	0.56 (0.54–0.58)	<0.001	0.66	1.93 (1.65–2.25)	<0.001
Year 2011 versus 2002	−0.52	0.60 (0.57–0.62)	<0.001	0.56	1.75 (1.50–2.04)	<0.001
Constant	−8.99		<0.001	−12.47		<0.001

(b)

Independent variable	Dressing			Squatting
	Coefficient	Odds ratio (95% CI)	value	Coefficient	Odds ratio (95% CI)	value
Age (years)	0.09	1.09 (1.09–1.10)	<0.001	0.08	1.08 (1.08–1.09)	<0.001
Female versus male	−0.28	0.76 (0.68–0.83)	<0.001	0.30	1.36 (1.29–1.43)	<0.001
No education versus any education	0.29	1.34 (1.20–1.49)	<0.001	0.12	1.13 (1.06–1.20)	<0.001
Inadequate versus adequate income	0.34	1.41 (1.29–1.54)	<0.001	0.23	1.26 (1.20–1.32)	<0.001
Married (couple) versus unmarried	−0.72	0.49 (0.39–0.62)	<0.001	−0.16	0.85 (0.74–0.97)	0.015
Married (not together) versus unmarried	−0.48	0.62 (0.49–0.78)	<0.001	−0.09	0.92 (0.80–1.05)	0.196
Living with others versus alone	1.03	2.79 (2.21–3.52)	<0.001	0.37	1.45 (1.32–1.59)	<0.001
Did not work in the past 7 days	1.80	6.03 (4.88–7.45)	<0.001	0.96	2.61 (2.44–2.80)	<0.001
Any chronic disease	1.23	3.41 (3.10–3.76)	<0.001	0.73	2.07 (1.97–2.17)	<0.001
Rural versus urban	−0.18	0.83 (0.75–0.93)	0.001	−0.18	0.84 (0.79–0.88)	<0.001
Bangkok versus South	−0.01	0.99 (0.83–1.18)	0.887	0.05	1.05 (0.95–1.16)	0.360
Central versus South	−0.04	0.97 (0.84–1.11)	0.633	0.02	1.02 (0.94–1.10)	0.645
North versus South	−0.34	0.71 (0.61–0.83)	<0.001	−0.06	0.94 (0.87–1.02)	0.165
Northeast versus South	−0.34	0.71 (0.61–0.83)	<0.001	−0.38	0.69 (0.63–0.74)	<0.001
Year 2007 versus 2002	0.33	1.38 (1.28–1.57)	<0.001	0.73	2.07 (1.93–2.22)	<0.001
Year 2011 versus 2002	0.14	1.15 (1.02–1.30)	0.023	0.72	2.05 (1.91–2.19)	<0.001
Constant	−12.53		<0.001	−9.65		<0.001

(c)

Independent variable	Lifting 5 kg			Climbing 2-3 steps
	Coefficient	Odds ratio (95% CI)	value	Coefficient	Odds ratio (95% CI)	value
Age (years)	0.09	1.10 (1.09–1.10)	<0.001	0.10	1.10 (1.09–1.10)	<0.001
Female versus male	0.62	1.85 (1.79–1.92)	<0.001	0.22	1.25 (1.19–1.32)	<0.001
No education versus any education	0.24	1.27 (1.21–1.33)	<0.001	0.19	1.21 (1.14–1.28)	<0.001
Inadequate versus adequate income	0.09	1.09 (1.05–1.13)	<0.001	0.30	1.35 (1.29–1.41)	<0.001
Married (couple) versus unmarried	−0.08	0.93 (0.84–1.02)	0.115	−0.41	0.66 (0.58–0.76)	<0.001
Married (not together) versus unmarried	0.06	1.06 (0.97–1.17)	0.214	−0.24	0.79 (0.69–0.89)	<0.001
Living with others versus alone	0.09	1.10 (1.03–1.17)	0.004	0.32	1.38 (1.27–1.51)	<0.001
Did not work in the past 7 days	0.97	2.64 (2.53–2.76)	<0.001	1.39	4.04 (3.73–4.37)	<0.001
Any chronic disease	0.53	1.70 (1.64–1.76)	<0.001	0.77	2.16 (2.06–2.26)	<0.001
Rural versus urban	−0.08	0.92 (0.89–0.96)	<0.001	−0.04	0.96 (0.91–1.01)	0.126
Bangkok versus South	0.30	1.35 (1.25–1.45)	<0.001	−0.25	0.78 (0.70–0.86)	<0.001
Central versus South	0.05	1.05 (0.99–1.11)	0.138	−0.19	0.83 (0.77–0.89)	<0.001
North versus South	0.35	1.42 (1.33–1.51)	<0.001	−0.42	0.66 (0.61–0.72)	<0.001
Northeast versus South	0.35	1.42 (1.34–1.51)	<0.001	−0.16	0.85 (0.79–0.92)	<0.001
Year 2007 versus 2002	−0.64	0.53 (0.50–0.55)	<0.001	0.31	1.37 (1.28–1.45)	<0.001
Year 2011 versus 2002	−0.53	0.59 (0.57–0.62)	<0.001	0.09	1.09 (1.02–1.16)	0.007
Constant	−8.62		<0.001	−10.50		<0.001

(d)

Independent variable	Travelling alone
	Coefficient	Odds ratio (95% CI)	value
Age (years)	0.12	1.12 (1.12–1.13)	<0.001
Female versus male	0.49	1.64 (1.57–1.71)	<0.001
No education versus any education	0.35	1.42 (1.36–1.49)	<0.001
Inadequate versus adequate income	0.25	1.28 (1.23–1.33)	<0.001
Married (couple) versus unmarried	−0.33	0.72 (0.65–0.80)	<0.001
Married (not together) versus unmarried	−0.18	0.83 (0.75–0.92)	<0.001
Living with others versus alone	0.16	1.18 (1.10–1.26)	<0.001
Did not work in the past 7 days	1.19	3.28 (3.12–3.44)	<0.001
Any chronic disease	0.61	1.85 (1.78–1.92)	<0.001
Rural versus urban	0.12	1.13 (1.08–1.18)	<0.001
Bangkok versus South	0.10	1.11 (1.02–1.21)	0.014
Central versus South	0.08	1.08 (1.01–1.15)	0.019
North versus South	0.08	1.08 (1.01–1.15)	0.020
Northeast versus South	0.20	1.22 (1.15–1.30)	<0.001
Year 2007 versus 2002	−0.37	0.69 (0.66–0.72)	<0.001
Year 2011 versus 2002	−0.51	0.60 (0.57–0.63)	<0.001
Constant	−10.51		<0.001

Any chronic disease includes heart problems, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and stroke.