Estimating Long-Term Care Costs among Thai Elderly: A Phichit Province Case Study
Table 6
Factors associated with LTC utilization from logistic regression analysis.
Independent variable
Formal care
Informal care
Coefficient
Odds ratio (95% CI)
value
Coefficient
Odds ratio (95% CI)
value
Age (years)
−0.01
0.99 (0.90–1.09)
0.869
0.03
1.03 (1.00–1.06)
0.078
Urban versus rural
−0.63
0.53 (0.12–2.44)
0.416
−0.74
0.48 (0.30–0.77)
0.002
Female versus male
−2.13
0.12 (0.02–0.64)
0.013
−0.17
0.84 (0.52–1.36)
0.479
Singlea versus married living together
1.37
3.94 (0.78–19.99)
0.098
−0.53
0.59 (0.37–0.94)
0.026
No education versus any education
1.29
3.64 (0.31–42.78)
0.304
0.45
1.57 (0.67–3.65)
0.296
Living alone
0.21
1.24 (0.22–6.90)
0.809
0.04
1.04 (0.49–2.18)
0.923
Work versus not work
−1.41
0.25 (0.03–2.14)
0.203
−0.65
0.52 (0.32–0.86)
0.010
Annual income ≥ USD 4,354
0.99
2.69 (0.58–12.48)
0.208
0.20
1.22 (0.70–2.12)
0.479
Any chronic diseaseb
−0.72
0.49 (0.11–2.14)
0.342
−0.81
0.44 (0.25–0.80)
0.007
Any disabilityc
0.57
1.77 (0.38–8.38)
0.470
0.04
1.04 (0.62–1.74)
0.895
Constant
−3.20
0.04
0.375
−0.50
0.61
0.663
Independent variable
Day/night care
Daily supplies
Coefficient
Odds ratio (95% CI)
value
Coefficient
Odds ratio (95% CI)
value
Age (years)
−0.09
0.92 (0.84–0.99)
0.033
0.04
1.04 (1.01–1.06)
0.010
Urban versus rural
−2.41
0.09 (0.02–0.40)
0.002
0.05
1.05 (0.73–1.51)
0.787
Female versus male
0.09
1.09 (0.35–3.42)
0.884
0.09
1.09 (0.73–1.65)
0.668
Singlea versus married living together
0.30
1.35 (0.47–3.85)
0.576
−0.01
0.99 (0.67–1.47)
0.960
No education versus any education
−0.56
0.57 (0.07–4.95)
0.597
−0.15
0.86 (0.42–1.76)
0.683
Living alone
−0.24
0.79 (0.24–2.61)
0.698
0.35
1.42 (0.90–2.24)
0.130
Work versus not work
−0.96
0.38 (0.13–1.15)
0.088
0.39
1.48 (1.00–2.18)
0.048
Annual income ≥ USD 4,354
−0.76
0.47 (0.10–2.15)
0.328
0.30
1.35 (0.87–2.09)
0.184
Any chronic diseaseb
0.89
2.42 (0.52–11.23)
0.258
1.38
3.98 (2.18–7.26)
<0.001
Any disabilityc
−1.84
0.16 (0.02–1.24)
0.080
0.39
1.48 (0.95–2.32)
0.086
Constant
2.71
15.03
0.356
−5.40
0.01
<0.001
Independent variable
Home renovation
Medical devices
Coefficient
Odds ratio (95% CI)
value
Coefficient
Odds ratio (95% CI)
value
Age (years)
−0.02
0.98 (0.96–1.00)
0.078
0.06
1.06 (1.03–1.09)
<0.001
Urban versus rural
−0.39
0.68 (0.49–0.94)
0.020
−0.11
0.90 (0.62–1.31)
0.577
Female versus male
0.45
1.56 (1.08–2.27)
0.019
−0.23
0.80 (0.53–1.20)
0.282
Singlea versus married living together
−0.03
0.97 (0.68–1.37)
0.857
−0.11
0.90 (0.60–1.35)
0.612
No education versus any education
−0.72
0.49 (0.23–1.04)
0.062
0.09
1.10 (0.54–2.21)
0.797
Living alone
−0.26
0.77 (0.5–1.20)
0.245
−0.29
0.75 (0.44–1.27)
0.281
Work versus not work
0.01
1.01 (0.71–1.43)
0.960
−0.37
0.69 (0.45–1.05)
0.086
Annual income ≥ USD 4,354
0.43
1.53 (1.04–2.26)
0.031
0.57
1.77 (1.15–2.73)
0.010
Any chronic diseaseb
0.54
1.72 (1.13–2.63)
0.012
0.81
2.24 (1.33–3.80)
0.003
Any disabilityc
0.09
1.10 (0.72–1.68)
0.665
1.24
3.44 (2.27–5.22)
<0.001
Constant
−0.05
0.95
0.956
−5.86
0.00
<0.001
aSingle includes never married, divorced, widowed, and married but not living together. bAny chronic disease includes hypertension, diabetes, stroke, heart problems, dementia, osteoarthritis, paralysis, and hypercholesterol. cAny disability includes personal hygiene, bathing, eating, toileting, upstairs 1-2 step, dressing, walking 200 meters, moving around the bed, urinary incontinence, and fecal incontinence.
