Osteosarcopenic Visceral Obesity and Osteosarcopenic Subcutaneous Obesity, Two New Phenotypes of Sarcopenia: Prevalence, Metabolic Profile, and Risk Factors

Table 2

Characteristics and metabolic outcomes evaluated by ANOVA analysis.

Variables	Healthy (n = 41)	Obesity (n = 57)	Sarcopenic (n = 16)	Osteopenic/osteoporosis (n = 452)	Sarcopenic obesity (n = 27)	Osteopenic/osteoporosis obesity (n = 63)	Osteopenic/osteoporosis sarcopenic (n = 90)	Osteosarcopenic subcutaneous obesity (n = 17)	Osteosarcopenic visceral obesity (n = 38)	value
General data
Age (years)	78.00 (9.25)	77.11 (7.88)	75.94 (7.41)	81.38 (7.19)	77.04 (9.59)	81.00 (2.65)	82.29 (7.00)	81.32 (4.32)	82.43 (3.44)
Biochemical parameters
WBC K/µL (4.00–10.00)	6.60 (1.85)	7.25 (2.29)	8.12 (2.74)	6.86 (3.42)	8.12 (2.34)	8.05 (2.31)	7.23 (2.56)	8.03 (2.18)	8.24 (1.34)	0.059
RBC M/µL (4.00–5.00)	4.32 (0.49)	4.30 (0.62)	3.97 (0.89)	4.21 (0.71)	4.33 (0.61)	4.05 (0.30)	4.12 (0.65)	4.16 (0.45)	4.15 (0.49)	0.545
Hb g/dl (12.0–16.0)	12.81 (1.77)	12.92 (1.60)	11.60 (2.04)	12.41 (1.69)	12.52 (1.44)	12.43 (1.53)	11.80 (1.87)	12.52 (1.31)	12.56 (1.41)
Hct % (36.0–46.0)	38.74 (4.98)	38.91 (4.71)	35.38 (6.84)	37.91 (4.80)	39.46 (4.14)	38.10 (3.08)	36.23 (5.34)	38.08 (1.31)	37.95 (4.23)
MCV fL (81.0–93.0)	88.93 (7.65)	88.56 (6.85)	91.83 (1.62)	91.47 (7.82)	87.95 (5.34)	91.90 (1.84)	81.17 (14.34)	90.06 (3.64)	84.867 ± 6.0335	0.103
PLT K/µL (140–450)	253.28 (99.03)	245.19 (87.80)	303.70 (88.56)	241.51 (99.03)	257.45 (79.50)	216.67 (61.01)	242.01 (82.83)	292.84 (101.03)	234.703 ± 71.5732	0.418
Lymph n K/µL (0.80–3.60)	1.73 (0.59)	1.98 (0.53)	1.46 (0.52)	1.78 (0.73)	2.12 (0.43)	1.75 (0.31)	1.71 (0.57)	2.10 (0.55)	1.72 (0.58)	0.289
Iron mcg/dl (45–145)	65.19 (32.29)	73.67 (26.63)	47.36 (25.06)	68.46 (34.28)	57.96 (26.90)	69.33 (34.27)	57.78 (32.01)	68.62 (37.12)	61.324 (25.41)
Trg mmol/L (<200)	110.78 (43.59)	141.29 (68.36)	122.00 (38.55)	121.28 (60.56)	136.33 (42.81)	100.00 (19.98)	102.95 (38.29)	136.58 (46.91)	122.58 (47.19)
Total Chol mmol/L (<200)	184.58 (41.04)	195.68 (44.50)	154.80 (32.59)	189.46 (43.10)	187.04 (45.07)	120.00 (33.18)	174.39 (45.46)	190.00 (37.59)	166.38 (48.56)
Alb g/dl (4.02–4.76)	3.77 (0.54)	3.79 (0.46)	3.44 (0.60)	3.81 (2.99)	3.67 (0.53)	3.53 (0.42)	3.36 (0.57)	3.40 (0.35)	3.40 (0.53)	0.787
Creat mg/dl (0.57–1.11)	0.86 (0.28)	0.91 (0.28)	0.98 (0.50)	1.04 (2.61)	1.15 (0.67)	1.47 (0.55)	0.95 (0.62)	0.80 (0.18)	1.07 (0.70)	0.998
Azotemia mg/dl (14–40)	39.16 (13.10)	41.41 (16.90)	39.57 (16.39)	45.31 (22.94)	47.54 (24.17)	73.67 (31.90)	47.58 (34.35)	37.23 (12.66)	49.76 (24.84)	0.193
Na mmol/l (136–145)	139.11 (3.39)	139.06 (3.40)	138.27 (2.71)	139.28 (5.49)	139.82 (2.11)	141.67 (1.53)	138.72 (3.36)	138.87 (2.77)	138.85 (3.04)	0.867
K mmol/l (3.6–5.5)	4.14 (0.42)	4.19 (0.42)	4.19 (0.62)	4.19 (0.50)	4.30 (0.55)	4.33 (0.57)	4.20 (0.47)	4.50 (0.70)	4.00 (0.01)	0.948
Cl mmol/l (98–112)	102.84 (4.55)	103.63 (4.37)	101.93 (5.86)	104.19 (3.65)	104.32 (3.79)	105.33 (5.77)	103.68 (4.28)	104.43 (2.87)	103.38 (4.11)	0.164
Ca mmol/l (8.4–10.2)	9.01 (0.57)	9.18 (0.60)	9.12 (0.63)	10.97 (0.91)	9.43 (0.33)	8.97 (0.51)	8.92 (0.65)	8.97 (0.36)	9.05 (0.80)
Uric acid mg/dl (2.6–6.0)	5.00 (1.69)	5.45 (1.60)	6.22 (2.69)	5.17 (2.17)	6.00 (1.70)	5.40 (0.35)	4.89 (2.04)	5.73 (1.77)	5.57 (1.97)	0.119
Bilirub mg/dl (0.30–1.20)	0.68 (0.33)	0.70 (0.40)	0.61 (0.51)	0.71 (0.58)	0.65 (0.37)	0.82 (0.07)	0.71 (1.53)	0.58 (0.38)	0.68 (0.34)	0.855
AST I.U./l (7–35)	17.33 (5.38)	21.60 (12.13)	23.13 (29.62)	19.79 (13.74)	19.00 (10.42)	14.67 (2.31)	21.79 (19.44)	20.29 (15.11)	21.94 (14.30)	0.702
ALT I.U./l (7–55)	14.65 (7.06)	21.32 (17.10)	18.20 (16.02)	17.51 (15.40)	19.22 (14.02)	10.33 (6.66)	18.51 (24.66)	17.00 (9.96)	23.73 (18.19)	0.577
gGT U/l (5–35)	25.26 (27.61)	27.83 (23.11)	29.50 (17.97)	31.37 (38.72)	27.88 (22.64)	29.67 (15.89)	41.80 (55.37)	48.47 (44.48)	44.00 ± 39.2776	0.144
GLIC mg/dl (70–110)	121.58 (68.94)	114.57 (33.91)	110.67 (34.92)	105.59 (35.11)	106.04 (28.64)	103.00 (33.45)	100.70 (48.08)	117.35 (35.55)	112.57 (37.06)	0.067
ESR mm/h (<15)	40.38 (28.12)	45.31 (26.38)	54.27 (38.95)	39.78 (29.16)	61.09 (30.48)	52.00 (28.69)	56.97 (33.44)	59.52 (28.83)	52.31 (28.55)
CRP mg/dl (<0.50)	1.62 (2.66)	1.18 (2.73)	1.98 (3.02)	1.10 (2.24)	1.50 (2.24)	0.83 (0.97)	1.62 (2.57)	2.22 (4.22)	2.34 (3.59)	0.22
Folic acid ng/mL (4.6–18.7)	9.97 (15.35)	20.38 (76.10)	8.61 (11.96)	10.86 (23.44)	8.94 (8.81)	13.37 (7.58)	11.59 (18.87)	11.71 (11.84)	12.33 (18.44)	0.749
Vit B12 pg/mL (197–771)	457.42 (614.25)	429.17 (214.13)	630.00 (446.52)	512.04 (900.44)	830.50 (1455.45)	413.00 (202.30)	632.60 (1289.47)	544.92 (555.12)	625.57 (595.10)	0.803
Homoc micromol/l (5-12)	18.99 (7.99)	19.22 (7.16)	19.56 (5.95)	20.53 (11.12)	20.38 (12.12)	17.43 (2.47)	19.05 (8.56)	18.93 (8.98)	18.67 (5.22)	0.961
Nutritional assessment
BMI kg/m^2 (18.5–24.9)	24.90 (2.81)	30.44 (4.28)	21.25 (2.89)	25.25 (4.76)	23.96 (2.89)	27.68 (3.99)	19.59 (2.60)	24.786 (2.44)	25.343 (3.24)
Strength
Handgrip dx kg (>20–>30)	22.14 (7.14)	17.71 (5.42)	17.64 (8.00)	16.51 (6.71)	17.47 (6.40)	22.67 (7.51)	16.02 (6.79)	14.00 (5.42)	18.06 (8.95)
Risk of fractures
Frax anca %	10.48 (0.97)	10.83 (1.10)	10.09 (0.72)	7.75 (1.37)	10.48 (1.26)	10.77 (2.67)	10.57 (3.48)	10.071 (2.66)	15.63 (4.40)
Hdration
TBW % (56–60)	54.76 (6.59)	48.43 (5.87)	60.08 (5.59)	52.26 (6.90)	52.66 (5.33)	50.71 (1.46)	58.44 (6.52)	48.73 (3.14)	51.42 (5.50)
ECW % (42–50)	49.93 (5.78)	51.73 (4.39)	52.99 (5.50)	53.15 (6.97)	52.66 (3.57)	55.97 (4.49)	55.53 (7.91)	55.00 (3.51)	51.25 (1.51)
ICW % (50–58)	50.05 (5.75)	48.29 (4.42)	46.57 (5.15)	46.77 (6.53)	47.52 (3.41)	44.03 (4.49)	44.54 (7.76)	45.00 (3.23)	48.75 (6.95)