Can Driving-Simulator Training Enhance Visual Attention, Cognition, and Physical Functioning in Older Adults?

Table 2

Mean values and standard deviation of pre- and posttest scores in the intervention and control group as well as statistical results (T = time, C = cue, G = group, Tr = trial).

Test		Intervention	Control	Statistics
Precue “false” (ms)	Pre	371.63 (±64.96)	393.75 (±71.48)	T: F(1,35) = 0.15, , η^2 = 0.004; TG: F(1,35) = 0.05, , η^2 = 0.001; C: F(1.69,59.01) = 19.75, , η^2 = 0.361; CG: F(1.69,59.01) = 1.68, , η^2 = 0.046; TC: F(1.70,59.62) = 0.46, , η^2 = 0.013; GTC: F(1.70,59.62) = 0.79, , η^2 = 0.022
	Post	374.38 (±76.03)	391.77 (±77.68)
Precue “neutral” (ms)	Pre	362.88 (±61.16)	377.48 (±60.41)
	Post	355.16 (±50.90)	372.71 (±66.04)
Precue “correct” (ms)	Pre	358.92 (±68.31)	357.26 (±41.64)
	Post	348.70 (±53.34)	359.86 (±63.12)
D2 (score)	Pre	141.13 (±37.81)	134.29 (±36.76)	T: F(1,35) = 13.25, , η^2 = 0.275; GT: F(1,35) = 0.00, , η^2 = 0.000
	Post	158.75 (±36.67)	151.62 (±31.74)
Grid Span (score)	Pre	5.63 (±0.72)	4.75 (±0.91)	T: F(1,34) = 0.09, , η^2 = 0.003; GT: F(1,34) = 1.86, , η^2 = 0.052
	Post	5.31 (±1.14)	4.95 (±1.00)
Switching “single” (ms)	Pre	839.75 (±120.60)	808.43 (±84.38)	T: F(1,35) = 0.82, , η^2 = 0.023; TG: F(1,35) = 0.24, , η^2 = 0.007; Tr: F(1.44,50.22) = 37.39, , η^2 = 0.517; TrG: F(1.44,50.22) = 0.02, , η^2 = 0.000; TTr: F(1.61,56.33) = 3.71, , η^2 = 0.096; GT Tr: F(1.61,56.33) = 0.43, , η^2 = 0.012
	Post	790.35 (±105.56)	758.51 (±122.16)
Switching “nonswitch” (ms)	Pre	884.69 (±157.93)	840.80 (±102.71)
	Post	855.24 (±123.44)	836.59 (±156.47)
Switching “switch” (ms)	Pre	951.24 (±146.64)	905.39 (±153.74)
	Post	940.00 (±144.86)	932.36 (±174.00)
TUG (s)	Pre	8.70 (±1.40)	8.52 (±1.67)	T: F(1,35) = 0.57, , η^2 = 0.016; GT: F(1,35) = 3.72, , η^2 = 0.096
	Post	8.37 (±1.41)	8.67 (±1.75)

Data from the attention window test are presented in Figure 2.