Twelve-Month Retention in and Impact of Enhance®Fitness on Older Adults in Hawai‘i

Table 2

Mean differences (Est) in physical performance tests (chair stand, arm curl, and up-and-go) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated from multivariate linear mixed-effects models.

	Chair stand (repetitions)			Arm curl (repetitions)			Up and go (seconds)
	Est	95% CI	value	Est	95% CI	value	Est	95% CI	value
Intercept	16.05	(14.27, 17.84)	<0.0001	14.34	(12.83, 15.85)	<0.0001	3.63	(2.50, 4.75)	<0.0001
Month (ref: month 0)
Change 0–4	2.32	(1.99, 2.65)	<0.0001	2.20	(1.85, 2.54)	<0.0001	−0.85	(−1.03, −0.67)	<0.0001
Change 4–8	1.20	(0.84, 1.56)	<0.0001	0.95	(0.57, 1.32)	<0.0001	−0.24	(−0.44, −0.05)	0.0149
Change 8–12	0.16	(−0.19, 0.52)	0.3662	0.52	(0.16, 0.89)	0.0051	0.08	(−0.11, 0.27)	0.4260
Age group (ref: <65)
65–69	−0.98	(−2.18, 0.22)	0.1100	−0.38	(−1.39, 0.63)	0.4558	0.31	(−0.45, 1.06)	0.4287
70–74	−2.14	(−3.44, −0.83)	0.0013	−1.71	(−2.81, −0.60)	0.0024	0.98	(0.16, 1.80)	0.0196
75–79	−3.69	(−4.96, −2.42)	<0.0001	−2.15	(−3.22, −1.08)	<0.0001	1.64	(0.84, 2.44)	<0.0001
80–84	−4.55	(−5.90, −3.19)	<0.0001	−3.80	(−4.94, −2.67)	<0.0001	3.04	(2.19, 3.89)	<0.0001
85+	−6.30	(−7.81, −4.79)	<0.0001	−4.34	(−5.61, −3.07)	<0.0001	4.08	(3.13, 5.03)	<0.0001
Gender (ref: female)
Male	1.71	(0.48, 2.94)	0.0063	1.57	(0.53, 2.60)	0.0030	−0.31	(−1.08, 0.46)	0.4350
Race/ethnicity (ref: white)
Filipino	0.77	(−0.56, 2.09)	0.2571	−0.67	(−1.79, 0.45)	0.2405	0.51	(−0.33, 1.35)	0.2313
Japanese	1.93	(1.04, 2.83)	<0.0001	−0.43	(−1.18, 0.33)	0.2692	−0.28	(−0.84, 0.29)	0.3385
NHPI	0.37	(−1.07, 1.81)	0.6141	0.27	(−0.94, 1.48)	0.6598	0.49	(−0.41, 1.40)	0.2849
Others	−0.20	(−1.79, 1.38)	0.8000	−0.30	(−1.64, 1.04)	0.6637	1.04	(0.05, 2.04)	0.0397
Marital status (ref: married)
Divorced	−1.76	(−3.24, −0.29)	0.0188	−0.59	(−1.83, 0.65)	0.3500	1.24	(0.31, 2.17)	0.0086
Widowed	−1.15	(−2.19, −0.10)	0.0322	−1.15	(−2.04, −0.27)	0.0106	1.86	(1.20, 2.52)	<0.0001
Others	−2.89	(−4.19, −1.59)	<0.0001	−1.06	(−2.15, 0.04)	0.0587	1.21	(0.39, 2.02)	0.0038
Living arrangement (ref: live alone)
With others	−1.57	(−2.56, −0.59)	0.0018	−0.79	(−1.63, 0.04)	0.0618	1.57	(0.95, 2.19)	<0.0001
Household income (ref: <15K)
15–25K	0.46	(−0.68, 1.59)	0.4302	0.69	(−0.27, 1.64)	0.1576	−0.04	(−0.76, 0.68)	0.9106
25–50K	−0.67	(−1.80, 0.47)	0.2486	0.45	(−0.50, 1.40)	0.3543	0.31	(−0.41, 1.02)	0.4009
50–75K	0.59	(−0.75, 1.92)	0.3908	0.91	(−0.21, 2.04)	0.1102	−0.29	(−1.13, 0.55)	0.4947
75K+	−0.55	(−2.03, 0.94)	0.4729	0.55	(−0.70, 1.80)	0.3885	−0.51	(−1.45, 0.43)	0.2867
Unknown	−0.72	(−2.10, 0.66)	0.3038	−0.20	(−1.35, 0.96)	0.7391	0.54	(−0.33, 1.40)	0.2255
Chronic disease (ref: no)
Yes	−0.88	(−1.70, −0.06)	0.0354	−0.04	(−0.73, 0.65)	0.9085	0.76	(0.24, 1.27)	0.0040
Percent of participation
1% increase	−0.01	(−0.03, 0.02)	0.6377	0.00	(−0.02, 0.02)	0.7988	−0.01	(−0.03, 0.00)	0.1770