Morale in Old Age and Its Association with Sociodemographic, Social, and Health-Related Factors in Different Age Groups

Table 3

Estimated effects of age and sociodemographic, social, and health-related factors on morale according to linear regression models (n = 6460).

Variable	Categories	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
		Standardized estimate	Standardized estimate	Standardized estimate	Standardized estimate
Age group	66-year-olds^a
	71-year-olds	−0.065	−0.066	−0.073	−0.046
	76-year-olds	−0.129	−0.125	−0.120	−0.078
	81-year-olds	−0.170	−0.165	−0.141	−0.088
	86-year-olds	−0.174	−0.165	−0.135	−0.075
Gender	Man^a
	Woman		−0.072	−0.066	−0.046
Educational level	Lower^a
	Higher		0.006	0.002	−0.007
Marital status	Single^a
	In a relationship		0.048	−0.010	0.004
Region	Västerbotten, Sweden^a
	Swedish-speakers in Ostrobothnia, Finland		−0.015	−0.016	−0.015
	Finnish-speakers in Ostrobothnia and Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland		0.003	0.022	0.002
Place of residence	Urban^a
	Semiurban		−0.018	−0.015	−0.004
	Rural		0.009	0.005	0.001
Born in the same place as you live now	No^a
	Yes		0.022	0.009	0.018
Making ends meet	With difficulties^a
	Without difficulties		0.217	0.153	0.093
Contacts with children and grandchildren	Less frequent^a
	Frequent			0.043	0.032
Contacts with friends and neighbors	Less frequent^a
	Frequent			0.033	0.026
Trust in friends and neighbors	Low^a
	High			0.114	0.068
Number of confidants	0-1^a
	2 or more			0.043	0.021
Active membership in an association	None or passive^a
	1 or more			0.076	0.034
Perceived loneliness	No^a
	Yes			−0.305	−0.144
Gone through a crisis during the preceding year	No^a
	Yes			−0.221	−0.134
Impaired vision	No^a
	Yes				0.001
Impaired hearing	No^a
	Yes				−0.018
Stroke	No^a
	Yes				−0.029
Pain	No^a
	Yes				−0.057
Sleeping well	No^a
	Yes				0.154
Own teeth	No^a
	Yes				−0.013
Independent in IADL	No^a
	Yes				0.063
Independent in PADL	No^a
	Yes				−0.006
Self-rated health	High^a
	Poor				−0.180
Depression	No^a
	Yes				−0.295
Adjusted R square		0.048	0.108	0.297	0.473
R square changed			0.061	0.189	0.176

Note. Standardized betas are reported. Model 1 describes the association between age and PGCMS scores using dummy variables for each age group. Model 2 includes additionally sociodemographic variables. Model 3 includes also the social variables, and Model 4 includes additionally the health-related variables. ^aReference category. PGCMS: Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale; IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; PADL: Personal Activities of Daily Living. , , and .