Frailty and Nutritional Status among Urban Older Adults in South India

Table 2

Association of sociodemographic details and anthropometry and blood parameters with frailty status.

Parameter	Pooled (n = 163)	Nonfrail (n = 130)	Frail (n = 33)	value
Age, years
60–65	90	79 (87.8%)	11 (12.2%)	0.005
≥66	73	51 (69.9%)	22 (30.1%)
Gender
Men	89	80 (89.9%)	9 (10.1%)	<0.001
Women	74	50 (67.6%)	24 (32.4%)
Food habits
Vegetarian	45	32 (71.1%)	13 (28.8%)	0.426
Mixed diet	118	91 (77.1%)	27 (22.9%)
Occupation
Earning	47	44 (93.6%)	3 (6.4%)	<0.001
Nonearning	41	24 (58.5%)	17 (41.5%)
Education
Uneducated	7	4 (57.1%)	3 (42.9%)	<0.001
1–8 standard	20	9 (45.0%)	11 (55.0%)
9–12 standard	30	26 (86.7%)	4 (13.3%)
Graduation and above	31	29 (93.5%)	2 (6.5%)
BMI, kg/m^2
<18.5	5	3 (60.0%)	2 (40.0%)	0.300
18.5–23	39	29 (74.4%)	10 (25.6%)
≥23	119	98 (82.4%)	21 (17.6%)
WC, cm
Normal	29	20 (69.0%)	9 (31.0%)	0.279
Abdominal obesity	94	74 (78.7%)	20 (21.3%)
WHR
Normal	6	3 (50.0%)	3 (50.0%)	0.118
Central obesity	117	91 (77.8%)	26 (22.2%)
Hypertension (HTN), mmHg
Normal (SBP <140, DBP <90)	114	93 (81.6%)	21 (18.4%)	0.377
HTN (SBP ≥140, DBP ≥90)	49	37 (75.5%)	12 (24.5%)
FBG, mg/dl
<110	83	68 (81.9%)	15 (18.1%)	0.619
110–125	32	26 (81.3%)	6 (18.8%)
≥126	48	36 (75.0%)	12 (25.0%)
TC, mg/dl
<200	113	88 (77.9%)	25 (22.1%)	0.370
≥200	50	42 (84.0%)	8 (16.0%)
TG, mg/dl
<150	130	102 (78.5%)	28 (21.5%)	0.415
≥150	33	28 (84.8%)	5 (15.2%)
HDL, mg/dl
Male: <40; female: <50	97	77 (79.4%)	20 (20.6%)	0.886
Male: ≥40; female: ≥50	66	53 (80.3%)	13 (19.7%)
LDL, mg/dl
<130	131	102 (77.9%)	29 (22.1%)	0.224
≥130	32	28 (87.5%)	4 (12.5%)
Hb, g/dl
Male: <13; female: <12	30	23 (76.7%)	7 (23.3%)	0.497
Male: ≥13; female: ≥12	113	93 (82.3%)	20 (17.7%)
HbA1c (%)
<6.5	94	74 (78.7%)	20 (21.3%)	0.295
≥6.5	69	55 (79.7%)	14 (20.3%)
UACR, mg/g
<30	77	63 (81.8%)	14 (18.2%)	0.097
30–300	29	18 (62.1%)	11 (37.9%)
≥300	3	2 (66.7%)	1 (33.3%)
Diabetes
Yes	62	46 (74.2%)	16 (25.8%)	0.639
No	63	49 (77.8%)	14 (22.2%)
Cataract
Yes	37	26 (70.3%)	11 (29.7%)	0.277
No	87	69 (79.3%)	18 (20.7%)
Osteoarthritis
Yes	36	24 (66.7%)	12 (33.3%)	0.094
No	88	71 (80.7%)	17 (19.3%)

BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; HTN: hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TC: total cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; Hb: haemoglobin; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Values represent percentages (%). was considered to be significant.