Frailty and Nutritional Status among Urban Older Adults in South India
Table 3
Median (–) intake of food groups and nutrients by frailty status.
Food groups/nutrients
Pooled (n = 88), median (–)
Nonfrail (n = 68), median (–)
Frail (n = 20), median (–)
value
Food groups
Cereals and millets (g)
231.4 (205.2–277.9)
250.2 (208.7–289.6)
204.8 (188.0–227.9)
0.001
Pulses and legumes (g)
40.1 (25.4–47.5)
42.3 (32.2–51.5)
24.8 (17.9–36.5)
<0.001
Green leafy vegetables (g)
17.1 (11.4–30.9)
18.0 (13.5–34.2)
11.9 (6.8–23.4)
0.014
Other vegetables (g)
130.9 (78.7–176.2)
131.8 (83.8–177.2)
110.9 (62.9–173.2)
0.504
Roots and tubers (g)
56.5 (42.4–79.7)
59.4 (46.1–84.1)
47.1 (33.7–60.1)
0.037
Nuts and oilseeds (g)
8.7 (4.6–13.6)
9.9 (5.2–14.2)
5.2 (3.8–8.2)
0.007
Spices and condiments (g)
10.4 (8.5–12.8)
11.3 (9.4–13.2)
7.7 (5.1–10.2)
<0.001
Fruits (g)
113.2 (84.4–189.9)
124.5 (92.2–198.6)
100.8 (63.2–135.8)
0.019
Animal foods (g)
20.8 (0.0–52.6)
24.0 (0.0–58.5)
20.8 (0.0–52.6)
0.252
Milk and milk products (g or ml)
269.5 (217.7–342.2)
277.0 (227.7–349.9)
236.8 (183.0–318.8)
0.070
Fats and oils (g)
29.9 (22.5–35.6)
30.7 (25.4–36.8)
21.1 (16.3–29.0)
0.001
Sugar (g)
8.2 (5.0–11.7)
8.9 (5.0–12.3)
7.1 (4.8–10.0)
0.265
Nutrients
Energy (kcal)
1902 (1625–2131)
1977 (1749–2155)
1484 (1317–1762)
<0.001
Protein (g)
52.2 (43.7–57.1)
54.1 (48.6–59.5)
41.6 (34.8–49.3)
<0.001
% of energy intake
10.9
10.9
10.9
Fat (g)
58.3 (50.6–66.0)
60.0 (53.4–70.5)
46.1 (35.2–58.6)
<0.001
% of energy intake
28.1
28.4
27.2
Carbohydrates (g)
263.3 (232.0–299.7)
278.1 (238.1–310.0)
218.0 (197.7–250.0)
<0.001
% of energy intake
56.4
56.0
57.8
Fiber (g)
28.9 (24.1–33.3)
30.3 (25.4–34.2)
21.0 (17.2–28.8)
<0.001
Vitamin A (µg)
424.1 (290.1–646.0)
476.7 (323.2–680.4)
324.3 (210.7–439.0)
0.012
Thiamine (mg)
1.03 (0.87–1.19)
1.07 (0.92–1.2)
0.8 (0.66–1.0)
<0.001
Riboflavin (mg)
0.86 (0.71–1.02)
0.9 (0.75–1.0)
0.72 (0.63–0.83)
0.005
Niacin (mg)
8.4 (7.0–9.8)
8.8 (7.3–10.2)
6.6 (5.7–7.9)
<0.001
Vitamin B6 (mg)
1.0 (0.85–1.2)
1.08 (0.9–1.24)
0.82 (0.68–0.92)
<0.001
Folate (µg)
227.4 (186.3–274.6)
237.6 (198.2–280.7)
179.5 (146.5–226.3)
0.001
Vitamin B12 (µg)
0.54 (0.41–1.01)
0.55 (0.41–1.03)
0.5 (0.43–0.96)
0.984
Vitamin C (mg)
73.6 (55.2–92.0)
81.8 (57.6–96.3)
57.3 (37.5–74.6)
0.003
Calcium (mg)
590.3 (473.5–706.6)
623.7 (522.0–729.5)
482.8 (394.7–593.8)
0.002
Phosphorus (mg)
932.3 (776.4–1066.3)
969.6 (848.3–1079.7)
742.6 (613.2–875.3)
<0.001
Iron (mg)
11.0 (8.7–12.6)
11.3 (9.8–13.1)
8.4 (5.9–11.1)
<0.001
Zinc (mg)
6.8 (5.9–8.1)
7.2 (6.2–8.2)
5.4 (4.7–6.7)
<0.001
Sodium (mg)
315.9 (268.5–381.1)
329.0 (290.9–389.7)
262.4 (217.1–294.3)
<0.001
Potassium (mg)
1825.9 (1538.2–2222.7)
1899.5 (1619.3–2325.4)
1384.7 (1088.6–1647.5)
<0.001
Selenium (µg)
36.0 (25.8–48.6)
38.9 (29.5–49.0)
24.4 (17.9–41.0)
0.013
P25: 25th percentile; P75: 75th percentile. Values represent medians, 25th and 75th percentiles, and are expressed per day. was considered to be significant.
