Reductions in Muscle Strength and Range of Motion Cause Locomotion Disability via Locomotion-Related Functional Limitation in Japanese Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Physical characteristics, grip strength, range of motion, locomotor performance test scores, and ADL survey’s locomotor domain (mean ± SD).

Variables	Entire sample (n = 144)	Men (n = 61)	Women (n = 83)	value
Age (years)	70.6 ± 5.9	71.1 ± 6.0	70.1 ± 5.9	0.312^a
Height (cm)	157.2 ± 8.2	164.1 ± 6.3	152.2 ± 5.3	<0.001
Weight (kg)	56.3 ± 9.2	61.5 ± 8.0	52.5 ± 8.0	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	22.7 ± 2.9	22.8 ± 2.3	22.6 ± 3.2	0.328^a
Grip strength (kg)	30.3 ± 9.3	39.2 ± 6.9	23.8 ± 3.6	<0.001^a
Range of motion
Hip flexion (degrees)	118.2 ± 9.7	117.1 ± 8.3	119.0 ± 10.6	0.247
Knee flexion (degrees)	24.8 ± 8.2	123.6 ± 8.1	126.0 ± 8.6	0.030^a
Locomotor performance test scores
10 m hurdle walking test (seconds)	6.7 ± 1.6	6.4 ± 2.0	6.9 ± 1.3	<0.001^a
Side-step test (scores)	32.4 ± 6.8	33.7 ± 7.2	31.5 ± 6.3	0.055
ADL survey’s locomotor domain total scores	12.7 ± 2.0	13.4 ± 1.6	12.2 ± 2.1	<0.001^a
Q1 (scores)	2.6 ± 0.6	2.7 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 0.6	0.040^a
Q2 (scores)	2.2 ± 0.7	2.3 ± 0.7	2.1 ± 0.7	0.086^a
Q3 (scores)	2.6 ± 0.6	2.8 ± 0.4	2.5 ± 0.6	0.003^a
Q4 (scores)	2.6 ± 0.5	2.7 ± 0.5	2.6 ± 0.6	0.342^a
Q5 (scores)	2.7 ± 0.5	2.9 ± 0.3	2.5 ± 0.5	<0.001^a

ADL, activities of daily living; ^athe Mann–Whitney U test.