Air Transport versus High-Speed Rail: An Overview and Research Agenda

Table 6

The competition and cooperation effects between air transport and HSR on travel time.

References	Region	Time frame	Comp.	Coop.	Data type	Main results
[32]	IT	2012			Empirical	A 10% increase in rail travel time allows airfares to be increased by a maximum 4.2%; this is true for one month before flight departure.
[33]	Madrid-Barcelona route	—			Mix	The access/egress time is a key factor in determining spatial competitiveness of transport modes.
[11]	161 city-pairs in Europe	—			Mix	There are more air services if the travel time of HSR is longer.
[24]	FR, DE, ES, IT, UK	1995–2009			Empirical	The improved rail travel time has significant impacts on reducing short haul air traffic in Europe.
[34]	Madrid Barajas airport	2010-2011			Empirical	Willingness to pay for different attributes of the integrated air transport and HSR from passengers can be obtained, among which “connecting time” is the main driver, and thus schedule coordination is crucial to promote intermodality.
[25]	JP	2005			Empirical	Japanese passengers are most sensitive to travel time and service frequencies and modestly sensitive to price.
[12]	CN	1990–2011			Mix	The HSR would be competitive against air transport in terms of network connectivity, total travel time, and cost efficiency in short-medium haul market.
[26]	London-Paris route	2003–2009			Mix	Frequency, total travel time, and distance are the main determinants of travelers’ behaviors.
[27]	5 city-pairs in Europe	1991–2010			Empirical	Lower HSR travel time would lead to higher drop in air transport passengers and operations.
[35]	FR	2006			Empirical	Low travel time of TVG has significant impacts on domestic air transport in France; Air France tends to divert remaining flights to its hub airport when it lost competition against HSR.
[36]	JP	—			Empirical	The access and egress time of HSR has significant impacts on the modal competition.
[37]	SE	—			Empirical	HSR has lower operational costs per available seat kilometers. Travel time is the primary competition. HSR would win over some travel from airlines.
[31]	London Heathrow airport	—			Empirical	Main benefits for airlines include, but are not limited to, increased connectivity and catchment area and improved accessibility. These benefits have the potential to reduce the travel time.