Air Transport versus High-Speed Rail: An Overview and Research Agenda

Table 7

The competition and cooperation effects between air transport and HSR on price.

References	Region	Time frame	Comp.	Coop.	Data type	Main results
[32]	IT	60 days			Empirical	A 10% increase in rail travel time allows airfares to be increased by a maximum 4.2%; this is true for one month before flight departure.
[38]	IT	60 days			Empirical	Fares are significantly reduced by airlines when under direct competition with HSR.
[39]	CN	2011			Empirical	Mean airfares for the Jing-Hu HSR routes declined approx. 29% upon the launch of HSR, but rebounded by approx. 20% after the Wenzhou HSR accidents; low-cost carriers are more responsive to the HSR events than other carriers.
[40]	IT	2009–2012			Empirical	The on-board services have been increased; the HSR fares have been reduced by 31%.
[25]	JP	2005			Empirical	Japanese passengers are most sensitive to travel time and service frequencies and modestly sensitive to price.
[41]	Iberian Peninsula, Europe	—			Empirical	With a more holistic intermodal product, the benefits of intermodality can be best captured and the competitiveness of HSR decreases with the travel costs.
[42]	CN	—			Analytical	Airfare decreases and rail fare increases in airport access time; airfare decreases in rail speed if the marginal cost of HSR comparing with rail speed is not too large. The profit of air transport is higher with price discrimination between leisure passengers and business passengers than without it.
[26]	London-Paris route	2003–2009			Mix	Leisure passengers are more heterogeneous concerning average fares than business passengers.
[43]	Madrid-Barcelona route	2003			Empirical	Prices and service frequency are among the most important variables in the competition.
[28]	DE	2006-2007			Empirical	The entry of low-cost carriers put pressure on rail ticket prices.