Air Transport versus High-Speed Rail: An Overview and Research Agenda

Table 8

The competition and cooperation effects between air transport and HSR on seats and frequencies.

References	Region	Time frame	Comp.	Coop.	Data type	Main results
[44]	ES	2010			Empirical	The developed integrated optimization model is able to predict the airline’s response to the entry of HSR, by fine-tuning schedules, fleets, and fares.
[38]	IT	60 days			Empirical	Intramodal competition of two HSR operators showed that capacity and frequency are strategic variables.
[45]	FR, DE, IT, ES	2002–2010			Empirical	The number of seats was reduced, but with minor influence on flight frequencies. The reduction of services is greater at hub airports. HSR can also provide feeding services to long haul flights in hub airports.
[22]	—	—			Analytical	The entry of HSR reduces air traffic, aircraft size, and flight frequencies.
[11]	161 city-pairs in Europe	—			Mix	There are more airline seats and number of flights if the travel time of HSR is longer.
[25]	Japan	2005			Empirical	Japanese passengers are most sensitive to travel time and service frequencies and modestly sensitive to price.
[43]	Madrid-Barcelona route	2003			Empirical	Prices and service frequency are among the most important variables in the competition.
[26]	London-Paris route	2003–2009			Mix	Frequency, total travel time, and distance are the main determinants of travelers’ behaviors.
[31]	London Heathrow airport	—			Empirical	The cooperation between air transport and HSR can bring major benefits for the airlines, such as additional capacity and freed slots.