Does Urban Rail Transit Discourage People from Owning and Using Cars? Evidence from Beijing, China

Table 1

Definitions and descriptive statistics of variables used in the study.

Variable	Definition	Mean	Std.	Min	Max
URT proximity
RW proximity to URT	Residential and workplace neighborhoods (1 km buffer zones) both have a URT station, 1 for yes and 0 otherwise	0.402	0.490	0	1
R proximity to URT	Only residential neighborhood has a URT station, 1 for yes and 0 otherwise.	0.236	0.425	0	1
W proximity to URT	Only workplace neighborhood has a URT station, 1 for yes and 0 otherwise.	0.203	0.402	0	1
Residential built environment
Floor area ratio	The ratio of total floor area to total land area	1.139	0.497	0.066	2.466
Land use diversity	It is captured by a land use mix diversity index (Bhat and Gossen, 2004)^1	0.193	0.081	0.018	0.484
Bus stop density	Number of bus stops within the residential neighborhood, in number per km	13.821	4.948	0	44
Density of crossings	Number of crossing facilities versus total street length, in number per km	3.166	0.891	0.287	6.494
Distance to business district	Distance from residence to the nearest central or sub-central business districts^2, in km	5.249	3.913	0.152	27.105
Workplace built environment
Floor area ratio	The ratio of total floor area to total land area	1.130	0.495	0.025	2.503
Land use diversity	It is captured by a land use mix diversity index (Bhat and Gossen, 2004)^1	0.241	0.094	0.004	0.633
Bus stop density	Number of bus stops within the workplace neighborhood, in number per km	8.211	3.662	0	36
Density of crossings	Number of crossing facilities versus total street length, in number per km	1.924	0.597	0.183	4.261
Within 4th ring road	1 for the workplace within 4th ring road, 0 otherwise	0.702	0.458	0	1
Commuting characteristics
Travel distance	Total travel distance in a tour, in km	21.088	13.623	5.013	118.04
Joint household travel	1 for joint travel with other family members, 0 otherwise.	0.042	0.200	0	1
Number of stops	Number of stops in a tour	1.169	0.556	1	5
Household characteristics
Annual Income	1:<50; 2:[50,100); 3:[100,150); 4:[150,200); 5:[200,250); 6:[250,300); 7:[300,500); 8:≥ 500 thousand CNY	2.579	1.144	1	8
Housing Area	The area of the family housing, in m^2	61.023	24.936	8	180
Children	Number of children (≤16)	0.275	0.459	0	2
Licensed Drivers	Number of licensed drivers	1.214	0.924	0	4
Bikes	Number of bicycles, e-bikes and motorcycles	1.444	1.134	0	8
Car ownership	1 for having one or more cars, 0 otherwise	0.591	0.492	0	1
Personal characteristics
Gender	1 for male, 0 for female	0.558	0.497	0	1
Age	Individual age, in years	39.448	10.603	18	74
Education level	1 for having a college degree, 0 otherwise	0.734	0.442	0	1
Driving license	1 for having a driving license, 0 otherwise	0.588	0.492	0	1
Car use	1 for travelling by cars, 0 otherwise	0.296	0.457	0	1

Notes: 1. Following Bhat and Gossen [18], land use diversity is captured by a land use mix diversity index DI, which varies between 0 and 1, as follows.  , where ; res, com, off, pub, and rec are the floor area in residential use, commercial use, official use, public use and recreational use respectively, m².
2. The central business district CBD and three sub-central business districts including Zhongguancun, Jinrongjie, Yayuncun were considered in this study.