Research Article
Does Urban Rail Transit Discourage People from Owning and Using Cars? Evidence from Beijing, China
Table 3
Standardized direct, indirect, and total effects on car ownership, travel distance, and car use.
| | Variable | Car ownership | Travel Distance | Car use | | Direct | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect |
| | URT proximity | | | | | | | | | RW proximity to URT | -0.082 | 0.064 | 0.069 | -0.005 | -0.103 | -0.036 | -0.068 | | R proximity to URT | -0.046 | 0.105 | 0.108 | -0.003 | -0.005 | 0.027 | -0.032 | | W proximity to URT | -0.056 | 0.078 | 0.081 | -0.003 | -0.045 | -0.002 | -0.043 |
| | Residential built environment | | | | | | | | Floor area ratio | 0.037 | -0.007 | -0.009 | 0.002 | 0.008 | -0.025 | 0.033 | | Land use diversity | 0.026 | -0.046 | -0.047 | 0.001 | -0.003 | -0.022 | 0.019 | | Bus stop density | 0.019 | -0.057 | -0.058 | 0.001 | 0.005 | -0.006 | 0.011 | | Density of crossings | -0.085 | 0.0002 | 0.005 | -0.0048 | -0.061 | 0.016 | -0.077 | | Distance to business district | 0.051 | 0.117 | 0.114 | 0.003 | 0.011 | -0.046 | 0.057 |
| | Workplace built environment | | | | | | | | Floor area ratio | -- | -0.032 | -0.032 | -- | -0.093 | -0.090 | -0.003 | | Land use diversity | -- | -0.020 | -0.020 | -- | -0.038 | -0.036 | -0.002 | | Bus stop density | -- | 0.042 | 0.042 | -- | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.004 | | Density of crossings | -- | -0.019 | -0.019 | -- | -0.008 | -0.006 | -0.002 | | Within 4th ring road | -- | -0.221 | -0.221 | -- | 0.022 | 0.043 | -0.021 |
| | Commuting characteristics | | | | | | | | Travel distance | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.094 | 0.094 | -- | | Joint household travel | -- | 0.028 | 0.028 | -- | 0.466 | 0.463 | 0.003 | | Number of stops | -- | 0.049 | 0.049 | -- | 0.037 | 0.032 | 0.005 |
| | Household characteristics | | | | | | | | Annual Income | 0.147 | 0.008 | -- | 0.008 | 0.133 | -- | 0.133 | | Housing area | 0.071 | 0.03 | 0.026 | 0.004 | 0.013 | -0.054 | 0.067 | | Children | 0.086 | 0.005 | -- | 0.005 | 0.029 | -0.049 | 0.078 | | Licensed Drivers | 0.520 | 0.029 | -- | 0.029 | 0.101 | -0.371 | 0.472 | | Bikes | -0.054 | -0.089 | -0.086 | -0.003 | -0.133 | -0.076 | -0.057 | | Car ownership | -- | 0.056 | 0.056 | -- | 0.907 | 0.902 | 0.005 |
| | Personal characteristics | | | | | | | | Gender | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.135 | 0.135 | -- | | Age | -- | -0.040 | -0.040 | -- | 0.054 | 0.058 | -0.004 | | Education level | -- | 0.049 | 0.049 | -- | 0.005 | -- | 0.005 | | Driving license | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.235 | 0.235 | -- |
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Note. significant at 10% level, significant at 5% level, and significant at 1% level. “--" indicates the links that are not included in the model. |
