Acceptance of Driverless Vehicles: Results from a Large Cross-National Questionnaire Study

Table 2

Component loadings.

Semantic content	Item	GAC	Component 1	Component 2	Component 3	Component 4	Component 5
Usefulness	Q49. Would use DV for daily travel because would be better and more convenient.	0.73	0.80	0.08	0.03	−0.03	−0.05
Usefulness	Q53. Think that DV would be more useful than existing travel.	0.72	0.75	0.15	−0.03	−0.01	−0.01
Ease of use	Q50. Think DV would be easier to use than existing travel.	0.71	0.77	0.14	−0.01	−0.02	−0.04
Ease of use	Q52. Think that learning to operate DV would be easy for me.	0.49	0.43	−0.12	0.30	−0.08	0.11
Pleasure	Q37. Think I would enjoy taking a ride in DV.	0.67	0.79	−0.11	0.18	−0.06	−0.11
Pleasure	Q39. Would find it important that DVs are aesthetic.	0.46	0.43	0.12	0.36	−0.05	−0.03
Social influence	Q63. People who are important to me would like it when I use DV.	0.66	0.57	0.20	0.02	0.03	0.09
Social influence	Q60. Would like to have friends or family adopt DV before I do.	0.29	0.28	0.49	0.21	−0.02	−0.13
Trust	Q56. Trust that DV can drive without assistance from me.	0.65	0.75	−0.03	−0.03	−0.07	−0.02
Trust	Q58. Trust DV to be safe and reliable in severe weather conditions.	0.58	0.64	0.18	−0.11	−0.07	0.02
Trust	Q44. Would feel comfortable in vehicle without steering wheel, gas or brake pedals.	0.56	0.65	0.10	−0.18	−0.02	−0.03
Trust	Q64. Would trust driving skills of DV more than own driving skills.	0.49	0.52	0.34	−0.22	0.08	−0.08
Intention to use	Q80. Would like to buy SDV.	0.65	0.62	0.10	−0.03	−0.02	0.09
Intention to use	Q38. Would use 100% electric DV.	0.61	0.69	−0.19	0.30	0.01	−0.15
Intention to use	Q43. Would use 100% EDV from train station to final destination.	0.59	0.67	−0.16	0.20	−0.02	−0.10
Intention to use	Q81. Would use SDVs together with passengers in public transport.	0.59	0.53	0.05	−0.06	0.07	0.06
Intention to use	Q82. Would like to use SDVs in carsharing scheme.	0.57	0.47	0.18	−0.08	0.06	0.13
Intention to use	Q51. Even if more expensive than existing travel, would prefer DVs.	0.55	0.51	0.42	−0.12	−0.03	0.08
Intention to use	Q41. Indicate when you would use DV. Only most relevant option.	0.53	0.60	−0.17	−0.09	−0.04	0.04
Intention to use	Q40. Would share DV with 6–8 fellow travelers with same route like.	0.52	0.51	0.00	0.11	0.03	−0.03
Intention to use	Q54. Indicate when you would use DV. Only most relevant option.	0.11	0.17	0.26	0.14	0.00	−0.20
Knowledge of mobility	Q87. Would like to use mobility flat-rate for mobility services in city.	0.58	0.38	−0.05	0.12	0.17	0.13
Knowledge of mobility	Q75. Often think about how mobility in city could be improved.	0.56	0.19	−0.07	0.12	0.13	0.42
Knowledge of mobility	Q78. Often provide others with information regarding mobility options.	0.52	−0.02	0.27	−0.10	0.03	0.78
Knowledge of mobility	Q77. Often first to make people aware of new mobility options.	0.51	−0.05	0.28	−0.12	0.02	0.80
Knowledge of mobility	Q76. Friends and acquaintances often consult me on mobility options.	0.49	−0.06	0.26	−0.08	0.02	0.78
Future orientation	Q83. SDVs will be legally accepted as independent drivers.	0.56	0.52	0.14	−0.10	0.03	0.08
Future orientation	Q86. SDVs will be normal part of everyday mobility.	0.45	0.31	0.04	0.02	0.23	0.00
Future orientation	Q84. SDVs will mostly be shared vehicles.	0.31	0.16	0.04	0.10	0.23	−0.03
Future orientation	Q85. SDVs will mostly be privately owned.	0.24	0.12	0.27	0.08	0.12	−0.02
Wish for car-free future	Q93. Roads be redesigned with bicycle lane that replaces car lane.	0.47	0.05	−0.01	0.04	0.58	0.08
Wish for car-free future	Q91. In cities, EVs will completely replace combustion engines within next 20–30 years.	0.43	0.08	−0.19	0.04	0.60	−0.02
Wish for car-free future	Q90. Roads and streets in cities will be redesigned to privilege non-motorized travel.	0.41	−0.06	−0.07	−0.04	0.76	0.01
Wish for car-free future	Q92. Would like to live in car-free neighbourhood.	0.41	0.01	−0.04	−0.04	0.67	0.00
Wish for car-free future	Q88. Many car-free neighborhoods with exceptional car use and no parking space.	0.39	−0.07	0.10	−0.10	0.72	0.04
Wish for car-free future	Q89. City centers closed to car-traffic.	0.32	−0.15	0.02	−0.10	0.78	−0.01
Wish for car-free future	Q94. Think of your own neighbourhood. Which of following statements do you agree to most? Select only one option.	0.14	−0.08	−0.27	−0.13	0.46	0.00
Enjoyment of technology	Q74. Fun to use electronic device.	0.46	0.19	−0.34	0.31	0.00	0.37
Enjoyment of technology	Q73. Rapidly and intuitively learn to handle unfamiliar electronic devices.	0.39	0.04	−0.27	0.22	−0.02	0.53
Enjoyment of technology	Q72. Friends and acquaintances often ask for advice, when they have technical problem.	0.33	−0.12	0.00	0.03	−0.03	0.69
Liking of being in control	Q70. Careful driver can prevent any accident on road.	0.31	0.08	0.19	0.20	0.09	0.15
Liking of being in control	Q36. Would like to have button inside DV.	0.27	0.28	−0.26	0.58	−0.01	−0.16
Liking of being in control	Q68. When driver is involved in accident, (s)he did not drive properly.	0.22	0.01	0.32	0.09	0.10	0.12
Liking of being in control	Q46. Mind being transported by DV supervised by ECR?	0.12	0.01	0.20	−0.04	0.06	0.08
Liking of being in control	Q48. Would like to take over control from DV when want this.	0.08	−0.02	0.17	0.53	−0.06	−0.03
Enjoy manual	Q30. Driving is especially fun for me.	0.19	0.01	0.19	0.48	−0.16	0.19
Enjoy manual	Q66. Often feel like racing driver when driving manually.	0.18	−0.05	0.60	0.10	−0.07	0.24
Enjoy manual	Q29. Need vehicle to be flexible.	0.17	0.19	−0.01	0.43	−0.22	0.04
Enjoy manual	Q69. Like to learn to drive vehicles that exceed speed of 300 km/h.	0.16	−0.05	0.45	0.05	−0.13	0.32
Satisfaction daily travel	Q28. Can organize my day flexibly with public transport.	0.22	0.12	0.11	0.10	0.22	−0.11
Satisfaction daily travel	Q31. Satisfied with possibilities available to cover daily travel.	0.11	0.05	0.13	0.47	0.01	−0.13
Skeptical	Q42. DVs would take away the pleasure or enjoyment.	−0.08	−0.26	0.30	0.42	−0.03	0.06
Skeptical	Q65. There will always be accidents, even with DVs on the road.	−0.09	−0.17	−0.10	0.41	0.07	−0.10
Skeptical	Q57. Would feel uncomfortable entrusting safety of family to DV.	−0.13	−0.34	0.29	0.39	0.10	−0.01
Skeptical	Q59. Would not use DV because technology can fail.	−0.35	−0.58	0.30	0.34	0.13	−0.02
Miscellaneous	Q61. Prefer to keep physical distance between myself and strangers.	−0.03	−0.09	0.19	0.37	0.05	−0.15
Miscellaneous	Q62. Environmental protection crucial for transportation.	0.50	0.26	0.06	0.18	0.21	0.10
Miscellaneous	Q67. Driving without accidents is mainly matter of luck.	0.05	−0.03	0.54	0.00	0.00	0.00

Note. DV = driverless vehicle; SDV = self-driving vehicle. The general acceptance component is the first principal component. Components 1–5 are the first five components, after Promax rotation. Component loadings of magnitude > 0.40 are listed in boldface.