How Well Does the Traffic System Protect Transit from Congestion? Measuring Route-Level Costs That Congestion Imposes on Transit Operators and Users

Table 1

Congestion impact components.

Component	Unit	Unit cost ($/hr)	Congestion Impact (min)	Congestion impact details
Running time (RT)	Bus trip	$108	AdjR – AdjR	Equation (1)
Riding time or in-vehicle time (IVT)	Passenger	$12	AdjIV – AdjIV	AdjIV = 0.4AdjR
Recovery time	Bus trip	$108	Reco – IdealReco	Reco: equations (2)-(7); IdealReco: equation (8)
Waiting time	Passenger	$18	ExcessWai – IdealExcessWai	For short headway service: ExcessWai: equation (9); IdealExcessWai: equation (16); For long headway service: ExcessWai: equation (17); IdealExcessWai = ExcessWai
Buffer time	Passenger	$9	BufferTim – IdealBufferTim	BufferTim = 0.75 Reco; IdealBufferTim = 0.75 IdealReco